"Tourism in International Relation"
Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name : Candra Hamdika Rahman
NIM : 07/250444/SP/21955
Department : Ilmu Hubungan International
Tourism nowadays have increased drastically and have grown to be one of the biggest business in the world. There are many advantages from the tourism sector, especially advantages to the economic sector. The increase number of tourism can decrease the level of unemployment. Despite the advantages from the increase of tourism, of course, there are many disadvantages from the increase of tourism, too. The main disadvantage that occurs from the increase of the tourism is the environmental devastation. Environmental devastation which is caused by the increase level of tourism is one of the world’s focus issue nowadays. Environmental devastation is also caused by lack of governments’s role in the sustainable development for tourism sector. Sustainable development in tourism is an important concept to develop the tourism sector. Through the sustainable development in tourism, tourism industry can develop its own sustainability.
Sustainable development was published for the first time in 1987 by World Commision on Environment and Development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . Sustainable development is economic development that takes a long-term view. It balances the benefits of economic development against environmental and social costs.[1] There are many definition to explain sustainable tourism. 'Sustainable tourism’ is simply a sustainable development achieved through tourism. Just as sustainable development assumes continued economic growth, so sustainable tourism assumes continued tourism growth. Sustainable tourism is not a marketing idea to attract new markets - it is a strategic term to describe a specific approach on the development of tourism. Sustainable tourism aims to take all impacts, positive and negative, into account. All tourism has the potential to be more sustainable.[2] The World Tourism Organization Sustainable defines Tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can de filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system. Tourism sector, indeed, have a great potentials in bringing out income for a country, but in the other hand, the environment often fall into oblivion. Tourism is most ideally suited to adopt sustainability as a guiding philosophy. There are many reasons[3]:
· Apart from transport, tourism does not consume additional non-renewal resources.
· A community’s resources, it’s culture, traditions, shops, leisure facilities, etc, represent the core resources base for tourism.
· Tourism use of resources, both natural adn cultural, should be non consumptive, making them renewable
· Tourism represents on of the few economic opportunities available to remote communities
· Tourism provides a real opportunities to reduce poverty, create employment for disadvantaged people and stimulate regional development
· Tourism has proven to revitalize cultures and traditions
· Tourism can provide an economic incentive to conserve natural and cultural assets.
· Tourism has been shown to foster greater understanding between peoples and a greater global consciousness
Sustainable tourism nowadays have been adopted by many countries of the world. Scotland and New Zealand are two examples of countries that have adopted sustainable tourism in their domestic policy.
Sustainable Tourism in Scotland perspective
Tourism is a big bussiness for Scotland. By the “Visit Scotland”, sustainable tourism is adopted to develop national tourism by maximalizing the potential that Scotland has, in purpose to bring some economic profit from the tourism sector. Through the Tourism and Environment Forum, Scotland believes they can promote their tourism to increase their income due to the economic interest and Scottish people’s welfare. Scotland combines the concepts of sustainable tourism and business to increase their income. Tourism is one of the main sector to the Scottish economic, generating £4.5 billion each year for the Scottish economy and supporting 215,800 jobs. Tourism is Scotland’s fourth largest employer, employing 197,000 or 9% of the workforce (13% in the Highlands and Islands) and pays the wages of more people than the oil, gas and whisky industries combined.
Tourism in Scotland offers the beautiful scenery of Scotland’s highlands, together with Scottish hospitality that attracts many tourist from around the globe. Tourism is a profitable sector for the Scottish, especially the local people. Tourism business in Scotland not only sells their unique local product to help increase their local economy, but also has the purpose for the tourist to understand the uniqueness of the area they are visiting. In developing its sustainable tourism, Scotland involves numbers of stakeholders and some key actors to maximalize the potential they have.
The increasing level of sustainable tourism in Scotland also has many challenges especially in terms of environment and social life of the local people. At least, they are 7 key challenges to the sustainability of Scottish Tourism[4] :
1: Reducing the seasonality of demand
2: Addressing the impact of tourism transport
3: Minimising resource use and waste
4: Looking after our natural and cultural heritage
5: Enhancing quality of life for Scottish communities through tourism
6: Improving the quality of tourism jobs
7: Making holidays available to all
These challenges would be very difficult to fulfil if only handed by Scottish tourism board itself. That’s why Scottish tourism board needs some involvement from numbers of key actors in facing the challenges of of Scotland’s sustainable tourism such as “VisitScotland” sustainable manager, Scottish Government, Tourism Innovation Group, Green Tourism Bussiness, National Nature Reserves, Historic Property, sustainable tourism partnership and many more. With the involvement of those key actors, development is focused to fulfil the 7 challenges. Scotland tried to fusing bussiness and environment benefits to the Scottish Tourist Industry.
For Scotland, sustainable tourism consist of 4 sectors, economy, social, environmental, and community sustainability. In the economic sector, increasing level of tourism causes economic development. The sufficient facilities in Scotland encourage the “high spending” tourists to cram in as much activity as they can into their short stay. These activities encourage the capital movement in the economic sector that can bring Scotland towards a more sustainable future, especially in the economic sector. The increasing level of tourists’ awareness to save the environment around them also contributes to a more sustainable future, at least from a social and environmental perspective.
Sustainable Tourism from New Zealand Perspective
Tourism in New Zealand has an important role for their economy. Tourism provide foreign exchange, many jobs, and domestic income. Tourism has always been connected to culture, society and environment. People of New Zealand are part of the tourism sector. New Zealand promote the value of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and manaakitanga (hospitality) to provide foundation for a development of uniquely tourism industry.
Tourism is important for New Zealand’s future economic growth. Tourism sector contributes $18.6 billion to the economy each year (9% of New Zealand’s gross domestic product). Tourism Sector has a important role to provide jobs field for New Zealander. One in every 10 New Zealanders works in the tourism industry.[5] Tourism is the largest export sector for New Zealand. International visitors contribute $8.3 billion to the economic each year, which accounts for 19.2% of export earnings. During 2006, 2.4 million international visitors arrived in New Zealand. Tourism brings its costumer to New Zealand. They sell product of New Zealand itself which consist of the people, the places, the food, the wine, the experiences.[6] In the global tourism context, New Zealand is just a very small player, with 0.3% of International arrivals and 0.6% of international Tourism expenditure. Tourism adds value to other export sectors by promoting the 100% Pure New Zealand brand internationally. It also adds value to industries within New Zealand that benefit from adding tourism experiences to their product offering, such as farm stays, factory tours, and winery restaurants. Tourism helps drive regional economic growth and supports the revitalisation of towns and communities. This helps to build regional pride and creates employment opportunities. Tourism provides Maori with important opportunities to nurture, celebrate, and present their culture to the world. Maori culture, in turn, adds a unique dimension to tourism in New Zealand. Tourism improves the value of national parks and other protected natural areas. It also benefits from them. The $8.8 million the Government spends each year on Fiordland National Park has helped generate 1600 jobs, $196 million in spending in the regional economy, value-added income of $78 million, and household income of $55 million. Concessionaires benefit from and add value to conservation lands. Tourism has helped drive local government investment in infrastructure and leisure facilities, such as museums, art galleries, and convention centres. It has also encouraged urban renewal. This investment helps meet the needs of residents and visitors alike[7].The value of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and manaakitanga (hospitality) are the basis for a uniquely New Zealand sustainabillity program. By delivering on these principles, the tourism sector will provide hospitality to its visitors while protecting and managing New Zealand culture and environment.
In New Zealand perspective, a sustainable tourism sector means that:
· New Zealand customers will enjoy their time in New Zealand, and will want to travel for the
unique and sustainable tourism experiences
· tourism businesses will be financially profitable, able to reinvest in their businesses,
and attract and retain the skilled workers they need
· the natural environment will be protected and enhanced, and the environmental footprint
of the tourism sector will continue to shrink
· New Zealand work with communities for mutual benefit.
Sustainable development of New Zealand reaches in four areas of life, environmental, economic, social and cultural. These areas are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Visitors will see their experince as a whole not as component parts only. They are great commitment to using their resources more sustainably in the future, which has a vision to protect both environment and economic potential. New Zealand already have a good reputation for being ‘clean and green’. This reputation has been reinforced by Tourism New Zealand 100% Pure New Zealand Campaign. Managing their reputation and delivering true sustainability will create opportunities that will benefit all New Zealand businesses, including those in tourism.
A sustainable tourism can’t be achieved in isolation. They need cooperation from many sector and nationwide commitment to sustainability. This requires all areas of government and all economic sectors to play their role. A clear national framework, articulating a national direction and national priorities, will provide certainty and context for the tourism sector. To achieve their sustainability program, others srategies and initiatives was provide, include[8] :
- the programme being implemented to develop Auckland as an internationally competitive city, with high-quality, attractive infrastructure, facilities, and streetscapes
- New Zealand’s Digital Strategy, which is being implemented to make sure they have the information and communications technology which they need to do business
- the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, which will encourage sectors across the economy, including tourism businesses, to find smart, efficient ways to cut back their emissions
- the New Zealand Transport Strategy, which seeks to ensure they have a sustainable transport network throughout the country
- the economy-wide energy initiatives of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy.
By sustainable tourism program, New Zealand is offically planning the four outcomes in the future : New Zealand delivers a world class visitor experience, New Zealand’s tourism sector is prosperous and attracts ongoing investment, the tourism sector takes a leading role in protecting and enhancing New Zealand environment, and the tourism sector and communities work together for mutual benefit.
Conclusion
New Zealand and Scotland focuse on tourism sustainable in four areas of life, which are economy, culture, environment, and society. Environment is an important area to be protected when developing sustainable tourism. Through sustainable tourism, tourism industry income can be optimalized without exploring natural resources redundantly. Original potentials such as culture, social and also society can give more varieties to develop the tourism industry. Infrastructure improvement is needed to give more pleasure to the tourists. New Zealand and Scotland are conscious with this demand, so they try to improve their infrastructure to be as comfort as possible to give pleasure to the visitors, so the tourist can choose New Zealand and Scotland as main destination for travel and leisure. Sustainable Tourism also open more chances to the employment which can be very useful for increasing the local economy. Cooperation among many actors is needed especially with the government and the stakeholders for the purpose of more focus sustainable tourism.
[1] Sustainable Tourism,
[2] Ibid.
[3] Draft paper of McKercher, Dr. Bob. “Sustainable Tourism Development – Guiding Principles for Planning and Management “. National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Development 5 – 9 November 2003. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan : The Hong Kong Polytechnic, 2003, p. 3-4
[4] Key challenge for sustainabe tourism.
[5] http://www.nztourismstrategy.com/tourismnz.htm
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid.
[8] http://www.nztourismstrategy.com/sustainability.htm
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