Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name : Muhammad Rifat
NIM: 21889
Absen :55
The sustainable Development in tourism activities is very important to discuss. the sustainable development was first mentioned in 1987 in a report publish by world commission on Environment and development. It defined sustainable development as “development the meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”.
So, the relation between the sustainable development and tourism is very close and it describes the issue of how to encourage tourism while minimizing its cost like social disruption, the displacement of local residents, the different needs between local and tourists etc.
The sustainable tourism development has been developed in over 10 years and having four pillars economic, ecological, cultural, and community (local) sustainability. Economy suitability is about the profit in both immediate and long term. The ecological development is the development that compatible maintenance of essential ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources. Cultural suitability is about to increase people controls over their lives and is compatible with the cultures and values of those affected and strengthens the community identity. The last, local sustainability is that designed to benefit communities and generate income in those communities.
Then I will look the Singapore sustainability tourism development and Fiji’s as comparison. I took Fiji and Singapore as comparison because those two countries have shared the same condition on demographic term. Fiji and Singapore are the Island nation. Not only that Fiji and Singapore are also in the pacific ring that shares more or less the same target which is the ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand as their main tourist visitors. Singapore and Fiji also liberated in the same era around 70’s and were occupied by the same country, United Kingdom.
Fiji Islands
Fiji is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean east of Vanuatu, west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu. The country occupies an archipelago of about 322 islands, of which 106 are permanently inhabited and 522 islets. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population. Fiji independence from the United Kingdom is 10 October 1970. Fiji is facing a long period of the coup and has experienced many difference constitutions till now1.
Fiji has great natural views and places. Mangroves in Fiji, are estimated to cover nearly 20,000 hectares of Fiji's coastal regions. The mangrove forests are rich in bird and sea-life and are excellent fishing grounds for the locals. Many parts of the coast along Viti Levu are covered in mangrove forests. A boat journey through the meandering corridors of the mangrove forests has yet to catch on as a tour in itself. Fiji Also has The Garden of the Sleeping Giant sits at the foothills of the Nausori Highlands about 10 minutes drive north of Nadi. The attractive landscaped gardens specialize in Fiji's native plants as well as housing an impressive collection of orchids, some native.
Fiji also is habited by many birds, for example in Kadavu. Kadavu is a large rain forested island in the Southern Islands and has a number of stunning musk parrots as well as unique species of fantails and honeyeaters Taveuni in the Northern Islands has a diverse bird life including parrots and lorikeets.
Fiji Also has many beach spot and another wild life park. This all beautiful views and great adventure actually can make Fiji as one of the greatest tourism spot. But now actually in Fiji, there were only around 450.000 tourists who came to Fiji for vacation in 20032.
Tourism is a critical pillar of the Fijian economy. Since 1989 it has generated more foreign earning than any other sector. In 2001 it led to gross receipts of F$521.1, compared to F$319.9 for the second largest earner-garments. It is a large employer of people, providing employment directly and indirectly for 40,000 people in 1999. Although Tourism is Fiji’s economic pillar, the sustainable tourism development of Fiji Island is far from expectation.
There are many problem of sustainable tourism development in Fiji. The main issue in Fiji Tourism is land issue. Native lands, owned by communities can be leased but not sold to foreign investors. Uncertainties surrounding the renewal of leases are a cause for concern to tenants. Even with the security of tenure purportedly being provided for under the terms of the lease, people leasing native land are still insecure in so far as their occupation and use of these lands are concerned, for example in Turtle Island. This case featured prominently in the news immediately after the military Coup of May 19, 20003; Turtle Island is situated on freehold property. In this instance, villagers of Naisisili, Yasawa, forcefully took control of the destination and locked up the resort owner for five days, used the resort boat to transport people from one island to another and used farm animals to cart goods from one point to another. The villagers had a long-standing claim of ownership over the island. They have stated that the land was originally theirs but because of some deal made many years ago, the island is now a freehold property without adequate compensation being received. The people took advantage of the uncertain situation prevailing in the aftermath of the Coup to take action. There was a Court case over the incident and the wrong doers received jail sentences ranging from three to eighteen months.
Untoward policies for the tourism industry have also emerged as an impediment to the growth of the industry. The recent immigration policy, for example, seems to be misguided from the tourism point of view. In April 2002, the Fiji government introduced a new policy that requires a tourist to reapply for a visitor's permit after a month’s stay. The visa extension fee per tourist amounts is F$82.50. This policy obviously enticed a strong opposition from industry stakeholders and investors because the tourist have to pay a lot of money if the want to stay in Fiji for a long time especially tourist groups.
Another Fiji problem of developing the sustainable tourism is that the airline problem. Today Fiji is the expensive place to go compared by another pacific region like New Zealand, Bali, Australia, Philippine and Singapore4. The major factor contributing to the increased cost of travel to Fiji is the decline in the number of international airlines using Fiji as a stopover destination. The growth of Fiji’s tourism industry was anchored to transit stops by a wide variety of carriers on east-west routings from Australia or New Zealand to USA or Canada; and on north-south routings from Japan to New Zealand. Over the last decade, however, many airlines have withdrawn from these routes.
Singapore
As we know, Singapore is an island nation that has big development in many aspects including tourism. Although Singapore is a small state, Singapore has many tourist attractions for many visitors. from shopping center in Marina Bay, Bugis Street, Chinatown, Geylang Serai, Kampong Gelam & Arab Street, Little India, North Bridge Road, Orchard Road, Riverside, Shenton Way & Raffles Place and The Suburbs. Arts performs in Central Arts Districts, Chinatown Arts Belt, Dempsey and Tanglin, Little India, and Riverside. There are also various art museums in Singapore like the Asian Civilisations Museums at Empress Place and Old Tao Nan School, Singapore Art Museum, and NUS Museums. island resort in Sentosa Island, the Nature Sight seeing in The Singapore Zoo, Night Safari, and Singapore Botanical Gardens open to the public that is 52 hectares large, and includes the National Orchid collection with over 3000 types of orchids growing, till night life in Boat and Clarke Quay5.
Tourism is one of the largest service sectors of Singapore. As of 2007, the tourism industry contributed 3% to Singapore’s GDP, and generated US$ 9.4 Billion in tourism receipts. This clearly shows the important role tourism industry plays in Singapore’s economy. Visitors spent an estimated S$12.4 billion compared to 10.8 billion in Year 2005, resulting in a 14% increase last year compared to the 2005. Visitors stayed for an average of 4.2 days in 2006, and Indonesia was the main source of tourists with more than 1.8 million visitors in 2006, followed by China with 1.0 million. Malaysians also made up 996,000 of the visitors6.
For hotels, the average occupancy rate between for the whole year was 86% compared to 84% in 2005, resulting in a 1.4% growth. Room rates broke 10 year records to reach a high of S$164 last year as compared to $137 in 2005, resulting in a 19.6% growth last year as compared to 2005. In 2006, total room revenue, visitor day and revenue per available room was $1.5 billion, $32.9 million and $140 respectively. All three sectors had achieved substantial growth as compared to Year 2005.
Singapore has been developed so fast. As a democratic nation, Singapore has managed its land pretty good. By using government as the key roles, Singapore has created big opportunities for local residents and investor in tourism sector without any problem in its progress.
Singapore also has using Changi International Airport as the main transit airport and gateway for tourist to Asia. this effort help Singapore to have many airline routes that really heal the tourism development and lowering the price of transportation to Singapore.
Singapore till today is also a safe place for tourist to go to vacation. Singapore knows that giving the safe place for tourist is really important. That’s why Singapore government is working so hard to keep the harmony between ethnics in the country. the results for this development has bring Singapore to be an Instant Asia where everything can be mixed and lived harmoniously in Singapore without having ethical conflicts.
In developing the sustainable tourism Singapore has develop so many project to keep Singapore as the main tourist attraction. In Singapore Beach tourism, a subcomponent of coastal tourism implies an interaction of two systems: tourism and beaches. The extent and nature of beach management, examines the concept of Singapore as a tropical island resort and evaluates the prospects of beach tourism in Singapore. For Singapore Tourism Board, managing beach tourism in the future will require a wider understanding of non-structural aspects and also of the impact of a projected rising sea level. The beach is not only for tourists but also for protecting the land at the coast and is an important resource for coastal inhabitants.
Another concern of Singapore is about to keep the national heritage and authenticity on track. The term “authenticity” is not a new characteristic of tourism; the industry having become an expert in marketing images of authenticity to tourists. With the increasing popularity of cultural heritage and tourism, Singapore will provide an understanding of the links between issues of authenticity and culture, in particular, the tourist industry’s claim of “authentic culture” or “authentic heritage”, by investigating how places of worship, gazetted as national monuments, and are used as sites for the “staging of authenticity”7. Government realizes that it’s not anymore between tourists and locals, but importantly, between locals and the state.
In ecological sustainability, Singapore also has developed good management on waste, water and electricity. Singapore also creates many rules and law to make the air still fresh and to keep the pollution down. Singapore today introduces public transportations like MRT and also buses for tourist and local communities.
Conclusion
Today, the sustainable tourism development is very important for the country that wants to develop their tourism. Many aspects have to be considered in order to get a good result. It need the efforts of government especially the tourism departments and local resident, so the tourism can grow steady or even faster.
Although Singapore and Fiji Islands shares many similarities such as the same demographic area, the development of sustainable tourism in those two places is very different. With total around S$12,4 billion dollar income from tourism industry and estimated 9,7 million tourist in 2006, Singapore has been the leading of tourism in Asia Pacific. In Fiji there were only around 500.000 tourists in 20038.
In Singapore the development of lands, communities, security, ecology, and also the airlines traffic is very impressive. With hard work from government by using laws and good implementation, Singapore is enjoying their tourism industry glory. in Fiji, although tourism is the most important sector, tourism in Fiji is facing many problems, like the native land disputes, insecurity from political coups, the high cost of transportation and also the wrong implementation of tourism policies.
Resources
Branda S.A. 2007. Tourism in Singapore: An Overview of policies and issues
Dutta, Pinaki. 2008. The Impact of Cultural Factors on the Growth of Singapore Tourism.
Levvet, Rogers. 2003. A Strategic Environmental Assessment of Fiji’s Tourism Development Plan.
Narayan, Paresh Kumar. 2006. Fiji’s Sugar, Tourism and Garment Industries: A Survey of Performance, Problems and Potentials
www.singapore.com
www.fiji-travels.com
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