Comparison Costa Rica and Turkey in the Implementing of Sustainable Tourism Development

"Tourism in International Relations"
Lecture: Drs Usmar Salam MIS
Azizah Al Aziz
07/257723/SP/22532
International Relations Department

Success of the implementation of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Aspect of Environmental, Social and Cultural.
Comparison Study: Costa Rica and Turkey

Tourism is an important aspect for a country in order to improve the economy. Contribute to tourism income for the country not less. That is why many countries use the natural condition to serve as the object so that international tourism can improve the economy.
Because the position of tourism which is very important, often for economic actors forget other important aspects, namely environmental, social and cultural. If too focused on the economy, then the perpetrators without indispose will not compromising other aspects in order to promote tourism in order to benefit more. Thus, finally a concept of tourism is made which is intended to limit the nature of greed to be harmful to human nature. The concept is a sustainable tourism development, according to the Sustainable Tourism Charter (1995) means that sustainable tourism can be supported in the ecological long-term as well as economically feasible, and fair in social ethics and to the community. This concept is expected to help a country to develop its tourism for improving the economy but still consider aspects of environmental, social and cultural.

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, this concept has been executed. In fact, Costa Rica is called the country that successfully implementing the concept of sustainable tourism development. Costa Rica, which means that the rich coasts in Spanish, has many natural assets that serve as the destination. There are many mountains, national parks, beaches and tourism as the main object in Costa Rica.
Costa Rica has about 60 volcanoes, of which 6 are still active stated, such as Irazú, Miravalles, Turrialba, Santa Maria, Cerro Von Seebach and Poas. In addition to the active volcano, there is also the biggest mountain of Rincon de la Vieja, which is often used as tourist destinations. Many tourist facilities offered by this mountain, those craters as big (even the world's largest) and the hot water bathing and a lot of hot mud contains minerals.
Besides mountains, national parks also serve as the objects travel in Costa Rica. Not surprisingly, considering the Costa Rica was ranked as the top country that has the highest biological diversity of the world. In Costa Rica there are 10,000 species of plants and trees, more than 850 bird species, 205 mammal species, more than 35,000 insect species, 160 amphibian species, 220 reptile species, and about 1013 species of fish and salt water fresh water.
The latter is the object of tourist beaches. In accordance with the name, Costa Rica is very rich in beautiful beaches and each has a specialty. The beauty of the beach in Costa Rica can be enjoyed with cycling, hiking, horse, scuba diving, and others.
With the abundant natural wealth, the Costa Rica implement sustainable tourism development so that the natural wealth can be protected, and local communities also get benefit from the development of tourism.
Government of Costa Rica established Costa Rican Tourism Board to control tourism in Costa Rica. This is the body that determines policy on tourism with fixed attention to norms, regulations, incentives, and allowances for their provider of services in the field of tourism. The government set a target of local communities as a major development and use of environmentally friendly in the process such as recycling, solar energy, and forest re-planting.
Because the local community as the target of development, the government improve the quality of education to support their ability as a guide and in the field of tourism. The government also put the values of the environment so that sustainable tourism development can stand still.
However, there is one crucial weakness of the government in tourism development. The government succeeded in saving the environment from damage due to tourism, but still less attention to social and cultural issues. This can be seen from the number of managers and owners of capital came from abroad. Their participation in the development of tourism to create traditional values is slowly disappearing because of differences in vision and mission. Therefore, the government expected more attention to this situation with the management also provides education, training and quality improvement to the local community to become managers and owners of capital professionals, and provides enough capital so that the owner can replace the position of foreign capital and to restore traditional values Costa Rica in the development of tourism.

Turkey
Beside to Costa Rica, Turkey is also successfully implementing the concept of sustainable tourism development. Unlike the Costa Rica that relies on natural wealth, Turkey using more Turkish history as the country's tourism objects. Results from the history of this country is wealth traditions, history, and culture. Based on the geographical conditions in Europe and Asia, Turkey is often used as a connector between the two different 'world', namely East and West. In fact, in Istanbul, there is a bridge connecting Europe and Asia.
Due to the strategic location, a long time ago the country had been as' house ' for many people who have different cultures and religions. Therefore, Turkey has many historical monuments, mosques, churches, and places of worship other. Heritage-historical of this diverse enshrined and treated well.
Heritage-historical Turkey is located in several cities, such as Istanbul, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Antalya, Bursa, Alanya, Izmir, Samsun, and Trabzon. In Istanbul there is Leander's Tower, Ortakoy Mosque, Topkapi Palace, Sultanahmet Mosque, Dolmabache Palace, Bosphorus Bridge (Turkish part that connects Asia and Europe), Basilica of Hagia Sofia (now known as the Ayasofya Museum), and Taksim Square (city center, modern Istanbul) became the object of the tour. Similarly, in Ankara, there is the Museum of Ethnography, Old Turkish House Museum (which houses become museum), Railway Museum, Old Locomotive Museum, Republic Museum, War Museum of salvation, the Museum of Painting and Sculpture, Presidental Mansion, and Anit Kabir. There are in Diyarbakir Walls Black basalt (an example of military architecture from the mid-period), Ulu Mosque (one of the oldest mosques in Turkey), and Mesudiye Medrese and Hasan Pasha Han (shops that sell souvenirs and carpets).
In Antalaya, obejk tour to visit the Upper Waterfall and Lower Duden Duden, Old Port, and city gardens. In Bursa, there is Iskender kebab, Bedesten (center of trade for silk and souvenir shop), Uludag (where winter sports terluas and popular in Turkey), and Mudanya (in the seaside resort). There is a beach in Alanya, Damlatas Cave, Kizil Kule (Red Tower), local markets, where buyers can bid price, ports, and Dim Cave (the second largest cave in Turkey). In Izmir there is Artemis Temple, Museum of Archeology, Kizilcullu Aquedu St. Polycarp Church, Clock Tower, and Ataturk Monument.
In Samsun Kizilirmark there are the Red River (the longest river), Yesilirmak (the Green River, river that flows to the sea of black), Cumhuriyet Meydani (the capital of which is also called Ataturk Bulvari), Kultur Sarayi (palace which contains the Turkish culture ), and the Archeological Museum and the Ataturk. Finally, in Trabzon there are Sumela Monastery (Macka) and Ataturk Mansion (used during a visit to Ataturk Trabzon).
Various museums, palaces, mosques, and other buildings that have been mentioned is evidence from historical results Turkey which had been occupied by two different civilization, the East and West. Buildings have a typical Turkish architecture that is different from other countries, namely the cultural mix of East and West.
To success the sustainable tourism development, the Turkish Ministry of Tourism established that determine the principles of sustainable development for tourism objects, such as how the use, restoration, and maintenance of natural resources and culture, and protection for tourists and local residents against possible impact of poor environmental .
Policies issued by the government to ensure protection of environment protection such as strategy and maintenance of the beach overlooking the Mediterranean Sea in the area of Anatolia. Then, to improve the welfare of the people, empower local governments to engage in tourism activities. By doing so, local residents can get benefit from tourism development in the area.
About the culture, there are no worries regarding the meaning of sustainable development that is done. This is apart from the long history of Turkey, which had experienced turnover of a different world. Turnover of cultural diversity make Turkey can survive with a harmonious and can be used as a tourism asset. In addition, the social life of Turkey is also controlled in accordance with the basis of culture, values, and norms that exist. Cross-cultural knowledge of Turkish society is very high, so that a variety of Turkish culture can survive. The government also participated in preserving Turkish culture, such as village Cumalikizik which rebuilt by government with the help of UNESCO after the residents left in the 1950s.
Description length above can lead us to a conclusion that Turkey is completely successful in implementing sustainable tourism development. Not only the successful aspects of environment, but also social and cultural aspects, which are very vulnerable and affected by the development of increasingly advanced.

Conclusion
Costa Rica and Turkey are applying the concept of sustainable tourism development in their tourism sector. While Costa Rica properties as a natural tourism object, Turkey rely more on the unique and rich cultural traditions and differences to serve as tourism object.
Both these countries maintain one of the important aspects of sustainable tourism development, including environmental aspects. Various tourism developments are supervised by a body appointed by the government in order not to damage the environmental. Costa Rica succeeded in maintaining the natural beauty of mountains and beaches as the tour’s object, while the Turkish save natural development of tourism with the importance of protecting the coast.
Different from Turkey in the successful to maintain the social and cultural aspects, Costa Rica is not yet able to protect the country's social and cultural development in the process of this tourism development. Social and cultural life of Costa Rica because of the existence threatened the manager and owner of foreign capital that has a different vision and mission with the local community. The existence of the foreign capital is also apart of the government’s role that have not been able to provide capital for local entrepreneurs who want to develop tourism. Meanwhile, Turkey was successful because the role of the government of Turkey that protect the cultural variety, and also people who have knowledge about the diverse cultures that exist.