Lecture : Drs. USMAR SALAM MIS
KURNIA SARI AZIZA
07/250279/SP/21909
Sustainable tourism is one of the pre-requisites of achieving sustainable development. The concept of tourism with sustainability and development gets its historical inclusion from mass tourism that got flourished in 1960s due to advent of jet aircraft and the passions for tourism got tremendous following and it also reached third world-countries. It was also argued that this boost pushed organizations like World bank and United Nation to examine the cost benefit analysis of tourism and it was acknowledged that potential costs of tourism are far lower than financial benefits in shape of balance of payment surpluses, infrastructure development, and employment and foreign exchange gains. So that gave rise to the concept of sustainable tourism as one of the source of bringing sustainable development.
As mentioned above, sustainable tourism should be taken in consideration to environmental and resources effects. It was argued that Mediterranean tourism is the main source of economic gain for the reason however short term growth was overlooked with long term adverse effect and deterioration of their ecosystem and resources. According to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002), it is claimed that tourism is the world’s largest industry where in 2000, six hundred and ninety eight million people traveled internationally which 7,3 % more than 1999. Similarly the economic worth of international tourism was US$ 477,9 billion in 2000. However Cocossis asserts that sustainable tourism can be taken in different interpretations that include, “economic sustainability of tourism”, the “ecologically sustainable tourism”, “sustainable tourism development”, with both focus of environment as well as long term feasibility of the industry and finally “tourism as a part of a strategy for sustainable development”. Effects of ignorant tourism on its sustainability include: over consumption of natural resources, environmental degradation, exploitation of cultures and labour, displacement of people from their land, lack of consultation with local communities, poorly thought out tourism planning and high foreign exchange leakage which reduces local economic benefits in long run (World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002).
The growth in alternative forms of tourism has occurred simultaneously with an increased recognition of the need to implement the concept of sustainable development. Eco-tourism has been widely assumed to be inherently sustainable, although few attempts have been made to verify this assumption. Eco-tourism incorporates environmental and cultural conservation objectives, and emphasizes economic to benefits to local communities. Hence, eco-tourism would appear to be, and is increasingly presented as a tool for sustainable development. However it also has the potential to be more environmentally damaging than mass tourism since it typically occurs in fragile environments and opens up previously undiscovered destionations to the mass market.
The tourism and recreation industry is at a crossroads in its development. Mow as one of the world’s largest industries, it is increasingly confronted with arguments about its sustainability and compatibility with environmental protection and community development. Four key challenges should be considered by tourism, environment : a better understanding of how tourist value and use natural environments, enhancement of the communities dependent on tourism as an industry, identification of the social and environmental impact of tourism, and implementation of systems to manage these impacts. Four aspects sustainable tourism developments are economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability, and local sustainability. Sustainable tourism development also has principles-principles: participation, joining, local have, sustainable resources, supporting, monitoring, evaluation, acountability, training, and promotion.
Owen characterizes sustainable tourism development as:
• Tourism should be one part of a balanced economy
• Tourism should respect the character of an area
• Tourism must provide long-term economic benefits
• The use of tourism environments must allow for long-term preservation and for use of those environments
• Tourism should be sensitive to the needs of the host population
Buttler suggests the following working definition of sustainable development in the context of tourism “tourism which is developed and maintained in an area ( community, environment ) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which is exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well being of other activities and processes”.
Turkey
Turkey can be defined that a country which can represent that have big geographic beneficial for the tourism sector which have more mechanism to do well tourism. Tourism in Turkey has developed rapidly for the last two decades and it had a profound and irreversible effect on many destination areas. As demand for the new destionations increases, there is an unrelenting pressure for development in order to satisfy the growth of this complex, pervasive industry. Yet, the approach of sustainable development does not allow uncontrolled growth and opening of new areas to tourism, where environment and local culture may be negatively affected. On the other hand, eco-tourism allows opening of new areas to tourism and creates new contacts between tourists and local society. Travel agencies who create and sell eco-tours, with or without awareness, are acting against sustainable tourism development.
Turkey has a share of 2,5 % in the world tourism market. The country which registered tourism revenue of $10.6 billion in 2004, ranked the eighth country in the world in terms of biggest tourism revenue after China. Tourism is already one of the largest-income generating industry in Turkey. As people travel more, they do not travel aimlessly they travel to get to know a particular place in a meaningful way. The power of cultural tourism is in its ability to satisfy this desire. In 2005, the biggest change occurred in the number of tourists coming from non-European countries. United States of America, Iran, Denmark, and Syria were the countries which showed the highest growth rate in the number of arrivals to Turkey. The sector reached new heights during the last few years. Turkish tourism revenues in 2005 realized as about $18.2 billion, an increase of 118% over the past three years. However, with its performance in 2005, Turkey has already exceeded the target and unofficial target is currently 50 million tourists by 2010. Turkey also can developed their tourism in four aspects of sustainable of tourism development. Turkey also has a lot of museum, so that Turkey also developed their national history. From the social culture aspects, Turkey has a lot of history museum and folk architecture, like in Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, and Antalya. From the economy sector, Turkey believed as one of the best investment to do in European Union. Turkey one of the country which be able in developing tourism, education, economy, and industry. Turkey has a lot of beautiful city which can be a tourists journey, like Istanbul, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Antalya, Bursa, Alanya, Izmir, Samsun, and Trabzon. Government also make a policy for develop their tourism. Turkey developing their health tourism. Total of 500.000 tourists come to Turkey for health tourism annually. Turkey has now become an important country in health tourism as well. A growing number of patients from around the world prefer the private health institutions in Turkey. The spa and thermal in Turkey provide beauty and health with cure methods dating back to the Roman period. Turkey also can developed four aspects of sustainable tourism development, economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability, and local sustainability.
IRAN
Iran’s travel and tourism industry in 2005 accounted for 10% of GDP. It also provided 1,710,190 jobs equivalent to 9% of total employment. The government is therefore well aware of the importance of attracting tourists to the country and since the establishment of the Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization in 2004, a series of initiatives geared towards the promotion of Iran as a tourist destination have taken place. The country has since continued to be highly sensitive to the political developments in neighboring Iraq and within its government. The political climate also negatively affected the inflow of European and American tourists to Iran. Visitors from the United States decreased by 15 % and the number of visitors from Germany fell by 50 % in the 2002 to 2003 period. However, tourists from Arab countries are soaring to unprecedented levels and are expected to contribute to 70 % of Iran’s tourism by 2007. Nevertheless, Iran has a wide array of tourism activities including an extensive choice of eco-tourism and religious tourism which appeal to Europeans and Arabs alike. Such broad appeal represents significant potential for growth when the political situation stabilizes. At present, nearly 200,000 ancient hills in this country have been identified out of which only 500 are listed as national heritage. There has also been limited excavation due to limited finances and shortage of skilled manpower. Iran developed their archaelogical sites and history museum. Iran famous with their architecture. Iranian architecture is based on several fundamental characteristics, there are introversion, structure, homogenous proportion, anthropomorphism, symmetry and anti-symmetry, and minimalism. Architecture Iran almost all Moslem style, and tell us about the history.
Tourism Iran can help sustainable economic development. Iran’s tourism industry has the ability to help sustainable development of the country’s economy, given its unique potentials. Expressing this, deputy head of Cultural Heritage, Handicraft, and Tourism Organization for investment and project affairs, Mahdi Jahangiri said that economic activities in tourism, handicraft sectors and cultural heritage are more satisfactory than other fields. Some 500 succesful foreign investors have been identified and invited to take part with the event. Stressing the need to attract foreign capital in the tourism sectors, continuation of the trend should be accompanied with a scientific view. Propaganda in Iran therefore this beranch of cultural tourism is poorly developed in Iran and although handcrafts of Iran especially rugs and carpets are in the highest quality in the world but in supply process needs to be developed in a better state. Iran currently has eight sites listed with UNESCO : BAM, Meidan Emam in Esfahan, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Takht-e-Soleyman, and Tchogha Zanbil. These sites, however, lack sufficient management plans for protection and conservation. The first thing any tourist notice upon arrival at the near 3000 year old remaining structures of Persepolis, is the graffiti carved into the rocks by international and domestic tourist. Tourism will turn Iran into a competitor for international tourists arrivals and foreign revenue in the Middle East. One of the prime historical sites of Iran that symbolizes Persian culture is Persepolis. Many Iranians do not fully realize the depth and value of their culture and therefore take heritage sites for granted.
As mentioned above, sustainable tourism should be taken in consideration to environmental and resources effects. It was argued that Mediterranean tourism is the main source of economic gain for the reason however short term growth was overlooked with long term adverse effect and deterioration of their ecosystem and resources. According to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002), it is claimed that tourism is the world’s largest industry where in 2000, six hundred and ninety eight million people traveled internationally which 7,3 % more than 1999. Similarly the economic worth of international tourism was US$ 477,9 billion in 2000. However Cocossis asserts that sustainable tourism can be taken in different interpretations that include, “economic sustainability of tourism”, the “ecologically sustainable tourism”, “sustainable tourism development”, with both focus of environment as well as long term feasibility of the industry and finally “tourism as a part of a strategy for sustainable development”. Effects of ignorant tourism on its sustainability include: over consumption of natural resources, environmental degradation, exploitation of cultures and labour, displacement of people from their land, lack of consultation with local communities, poorly thought out tourism planning and high foreign exchange leakage which reduces local economic benefits in long run (World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002).
The growth in alternative forms of tourism has occurred simultaneously with an increased recognition of the need to implement the concept of sustainable development. Eco-tourism has been widely assumed to be inherently sustainable, although few attempts have been made to verify this assumption. Eco-tourism incorporates environmental and cultural conservation objectives, and emphasizes economic to benefits to local communities. Hence, eco-tourism would appear to be, and is increasingly presented as a tool for sustainable development. However it also has the potential to be more environmentally damaging than mass tourism since it typically occurs in fragile environments and opens up previously undiscovered destionations to the mass market.
The tourism and recreation industry is at a crossroads in its development. Mow as one of the world’s largest industries, it is increasingly confronted with arguments about its sustainability and compatibility with environmental protection and community development. Four key challenges should be considered by tourism, environment : a better understanding of how tourist value and use natural environments, enhancement of the communities dependent on tourism as an industry, identification of the social and environmental impact of tourism, and implementation of systems to manage these impacts. Four aspects sustainable tourism developments are economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability, and local sustainability. Sustainable tourism development also has principles-principles: participation, joining, local have, sustainable resources, supporting, monitoring, evaluation, acountability, training, and promotion.
Owen characterizes sustainable tourism development as:
• Tourism should be one part of a balanced economy
• Tourism should respect the character of an area
• Tourism must provide long-term economic benefits
• The use of tourism environments must allow for long-term preservation and for use of those environments
• Tourism should be sensitive to the needs of the host population
Buttler suggests the following working definition of sustainable development in the context of tourism “tourism which is developed and maintained in an area ( community, environment ) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which is exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well being of other activities and processes”.
Turkey
Turkey can be defined that a country which can represent that have big geographic beneficial for the tourism sector which have more mechanism to do well tourism. Tourism in Turkey has developed rapidly for the last two decades and it had a profound and irreversible effect on many destination areas. As demand for the new destionations increases, there is an unrelenting pressure for development in order to satisfy the growth of this complex, pervasive industry. Yet, the approach of sustainable development does not allow uncontrolled growth and opening of new areas to tourism, where environment and local culture may be negatively affected. On the other hand, eco-tourism allows opening of new areas to tourism and creates new contacts between tourists and local society. Travel agencies who create and sell eco-tours, with or without awareness, are acting against sustainable tourism development.
Turkey has a share of 2,5 % in the world tourism market. The country which registered tourism revenue of $10.6 billion in 2004, ranked the eighth country in the world in terms of biggest tourism revenue after China. Tourism is already one of the largest-income generating industry in Turkey. As people travel more, they do not travel aimlessly they travel to get to know a particular place in a meaningful way. The power of cultural tourism is in its ability to satisfy this desire. In 2005, the biggest change occurred in the number of tourists coming from non-European countries. United States of America, Iran, Denmark, and Syria were the countries which showed the highest growth rate in the number of arrivals to Turkey. The sector reached new heights during the last few years. Turkish tourism revenues in 2005 realized as about $18.2 billion, an increase of 118% over the past three years. However, with its performance in 2005, Turkey has already exceeded the target and unofficial target is currently 50 million tourists by 2010. Turkey also can developed their tourism in four aspects of sustainable of tourism development. Turkey also has a lot of museum, so that Turkey also developed their national history. From the social culture aspects, Turkey has a lot of history museum and folk architecture, like in Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, and Antalya. From the economy sector, Turkey believed as one of the best investment to do in European Union. Turkey one of the country which be able in developing tourism, education, economy, and industry. Turkey has a lot of beautiful city which can be a tourists journey, like Istanbul, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Antalya, Bursa, Alanya, Izmir, Samsun, and Trabzon. Government also make a policy for develop their tourism. Turkey developing their health tourism. Total of 500.000 tourists come to Turkey for health tourism annually. Turkey has now become an important country in health tourism as well. A growing number of patients from around the world prefer the private health institutions in Turkey. The spa and thermal in Turkey provide beauty and health with cure methods dating back to the Roman period. Turkey also can developed four aspects of sustainable tourism development, economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability, and local sustainability.
IRAN
Iran’s travel and tourism industry in 2005 accounted for 10% of GDP. It also provided 1,710,190 jobs equivalent to 9% of total employment. The government is therefore well aware of the importance of attracting tourists to the country and since the establishment of the Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization in 2004, a series of initiatives geared towards the promotion of Iran as a tourist destination have taken place. The country has since continued to be highly sensitive to the political developments in neighboring Iraq and within its government. The political climate also negatively affected the inflow of European and American tourists to Iran. Visitors from the United States decreased by 15 % and the number of visitors from Germany fell by 50 % in the 2002 to 2003 period. However, tourists from Arab countries are soaring to unprecedented levels and are expected to contribute to 70 % of Iran’s tourism by 2007. Nevertheless, Iran has a wide array of tourism activities including an extensive choice of eco-tourism and religious tourism which appeal to Europeans and Arabs alike. Such broad appeal represents significant potential for growth when the political situation stabilizes. At present, nearly 200,000 ancient hills in this country have been identified out of which only 500 are listed as national heritage. There has also been limited excavation due to limited finances and shortage of skilled manpower. Iran developed their archaelogical sites and history museum. Iran famous with their architecture. Iranian architecture is based on several fundamental characteristics, there are introversion, structure, homogenous proportion, anthropomorphism, symmetry and anti-symmetry, and minimalism. Architecture Iran almost all Moslem style, and tell us about the history.
Tourism Iran can help sustainable economic development. Iran’s tourism industry has the ability to help sustainable development of the country’s economy, given its unique potentials. Expressing this, deputy head of Cultural Heritage, Handicraft, and Tourism Organization for investment and project affairs, Mahdi Jahangiri said that economic activities in tourism, handicraft sectors and cultural heritage are more satisfactory than other fields. Some 500 succesful foreign investors have been identified and invited to take part with the event. Stressing the need to attract foreign capital in the tourism sectors, continuation of the trend should be accompanied with a scientific view. Propaganda in Iran therefore this beranch of cultural tourism is poorly developed in Iran and although handcrafts of Iran especially rugs and carpets are in the highest quality in the world but in supply process needs to be developed in a better state. Iran currently has eight sites listed with UNESCO : BAM, Meidan Emam in Esfahan, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Takht-e-Soleyman, and Tchogha Zanbil. These sites, however, lack sufficient management plans for protection and conservation. The first thing any tourist notice upon arrival at the near 3000 year old remaining structures of Persepolis, is the graffiti carved into the rocks by international and domestic tourist. Tourism will turn Iran into a competitor for international tourists arrivals and foreign revenue in the Middle East. One of the prime historical sites of Iran that symbolizes Persian culture is Persepolis. Many Iranians do not fully realize the depth and value of their culture and therefore take heritage sites for granted.
Referensi :
Pourafkari, Bahareh. A Comparative Study of Cultural Tourism Development in Iran and Turkey, Lulea University of Technology, 2009.
Oku, Onur. Travel Agencies Selling the Nature Versus Sustainable tourism Development, Bogazici University School of Applied Discipline –Tourism Administration Department, May 2003.
Tugas Paper Kelompok Turki, PARIWISATA DI TURKI: TELAAH PERWUJUDAN ASPEK-ASPEK SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, 2009.
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