PARIWISATA DALAM HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
Dosen : Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS
Ikhwan Ciptadi Nugraha
(07/254444/SP/22328)
Jurusan Ilmu Administrasi Negara
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; a new way of tourism, the obstruction and the solution in Tanga, Tanzania and Galapagos Islands
A. Abstract
Tourism development as a pillar of economy had reach a point that tourism become a entity which in the progress then tourism become a major factor of economy development in a country as far as possible. Tourism can show a political power or become an instrument to a country to attain their self-interest.
Besides that, tourism can show a function who have a role in significant as political although as economy for a country, in this context tourism development can’t show as directly to reveal some next malware for culture and ecology development as particularly tourism formed by individual attraction of cultural and ecological aspect. Because of this become some problems in several countries to develop tourism, in the next development this problems become a foundation for form a sustainable tourism concept. That concept can balance between economy profit and distortion toward social aspect and nature within developing of tourism as a sector that completed each other.
Sustainable tourism is a concept within developing of tourism to aim at managing all instrument in certain way so economy and social needs can fulfilled and the other side can show a immunity towards to integrity between cultural, ecology process, biology diversity and other nature support system. Talk about sustainable tourism so can’t be release of several steps that is economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, and cultural sustainability.
The simple explain of sustainable tourism development is a development that have a characteristics to sustain in tourism industry. The concept of sustainable development within tourism is a concept that means continuity in development at tourism destination as a purpose economical, like produce income or foreign exchange and create jobs however not to ruin nature and local culture which become attraction on a tourism destination.
Sustainable tourism development concepts insist a protection toward nature and protection toward local culture which often ignored when the development tourism destination did. The development tourism industry that ignored sustainable tourism development concept makes a negative impact toward nature and local social culture.
Sustainable tourism development concept has the same purpose with sustainable development in other sector that continuous in economy development. So, a tourism industry can continuous enjoyed until next several generation.
Sustainable tourism consists and depends on the existence and efficient management and conservation of quality natural environments which themselves (Koeman, 2003, Neto 2003, Henna & Wells 2004) depend on human environments, resources and cultures. The World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2002) defines it as the development that meets the needs of present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. In addition, WTO, experts generally recognize that sustainable tourism leads management of resources towards economic, social and aesthetic needs that necessitate to be fulfilled while preserving cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system. Thus, sustainability aims to improve standards and quality of life, safeguard culture and resources while satisfying the ever-increasing demand for tourism service. Even though the concept is often equated to eco-tourism, it means more. It involves thoughtfulness of and to host people, to communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles, and social and economic systems.
Besides that, tourism can show a function who have a role in significant as political although as economy for a country, in this context tourism development can’t show as directly to reveal some next malware for culture and ecology development as particularly tourism formed by individual attraction of cultural and ecological aspect. Because of this become some problems in several countries to develop tourism, in the next development this problems become a foundation for form a sustainable tourism concept. That concept can balance between economy profit and distortion toward social aspect and nature within developing of tourism as a sector that completed each other.
Sustainable tourism is a concept within developing of tourism to aim at managing all instrument in certain way so economy and social needs can fulfilled and the other side can show a immunity towards to integrity between cultural, ecology process, biology diversity and other nature support system. Talk about sustainable tourism so can’t be release of several steps that is economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, and cultural sustainability.
The simple explain of sustainable tourism development is a development that have a characteristics to sustain in tourism industry. The concept of sustainable development within tourism is a concept that means continuity in development at tourism destination as a purpose economical, like produce income or foreign exchange and create jobs however not to ruin nature and local culture which become attraction on a tourism destination.
Sustainable tourism development concepts insist a protection toward nature and protection toward local culture which often ignored when the development tourism destination did. The development tourism industry that ignored sustainable tourism development concept makes a negative impact toward nature and local social culture.
Sustainable tourism development concept has the same purpose with sustainable development in other sector that continuous in economy development. So, a tourism industry can continuous enjoyed until next several generation.
Sustainable tourism consists and depends on the existence and efficient management and conservation of quality natural environments which themselves (Koeman, 2003, Neto 2003, Henna & Wells 2004) depend on human environments, resources and cultures. The World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2002) defines it as the development that meets the needs of present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. In addition, WTO, experts generally recognize that sustainable tourism leads management of resources towards economic, social and aesthetic needs that necessitate to be fulfilled while preserving cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system. Thus, sustainability aims to improve standards and quality of life, safeguard culture and resources while satisfying the ever-increasing demand for tourism service. Even though the concept is often equated to eco-tourism, it means more. It involves thoughtfulness of and to host people, to communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles, and social and economic systems.
Economical sector
In other way, tourism comprises an extensive range of economic activities and can be considered the largest industry in the world. International tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy.
Tourism has also become the main source of income for an increasing number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Foreign exchange earnings can, however, vary significantly among these tourism-driven economies because of leakages arising from imports of equipment for construction and consumer goods required by tourist, repatriation of profit earned by foreign investors and amortization for foreign debt incurred in tourist development.
Besides export earnings, international tourism also generates an increasingly significant share of government tax revenues throughout the world.
Nonetheless, it is now generally recognized that tourism can make a vital contribution to employment, export receipts and national income in most countries and regions. Furthermore, tourism is often identified as the most promising driving force for the economic development of less develop countries and regions endowed with areas of naturally beauty – including Small Island Developing States – because it offers them valuable opportunity for economic diversification.
Tourism has also become the main source of income for an increasing number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Foreign exchange earnings can, however, vary significantly among these tourism-driven economies because of leakages arising from imports of equipment for construction and consumer goods required by tourist, repatriation of profit earned by foreign investors and amortization for foreign debt incurred in tourist development.
Besides export earnings, international tourism also generates an increasingly significant share of government tax revenues throughout the world.
Nonetheless, it is now generally recognized that tourism can make a vital contribution to employment, export receipts and national income in most countries and regions. Furthermore, tourism is often identified as the most promising driving force for the economic development of less develop countries and regions endowed with areas of naturally beauty – including Small Island Developing States – because it offers them valuable opportunity for economic diversification.
Local Community
For local residents, tourism not only has an economic impact but also touches their personal lives. Tourism affects their lifestyles, traditions, and cultures, as well as their livelihood. Unlike other players in the tourism industry, local communities must deal with tourism whether or not they choose to. Some rural communities that were once quiet and peaceful are finding themselves invaded by international tourists, most of who are just passing through and not staying to meet local residents. Residents have mixed reaction to the intrusion. Some want nothing to do with tourist, other are intrigued by the employment opportunities. Whatever their initial reaction, local residents are often unprepared for tourism’s demands. They often cannot compete with the powerful tourism industry and do not understand the desires and behavior of fiercely independent travelers who want to discover new areas.
In addition, even if they are not directly involved in the tourist industry, they play many indirect roles that affect the success of any sustainable tourism enterprise. Local residents informal interactions with tourists play a large role in making the tourists experience a positive or a negative one, whether the tourists feel welcome, safe, and comfortable. Local landowners also play a crucial role in the ecological health of the area, especially in buffer zone of core protected areas, near beaches, around river mouths, etc. and, of course, coastal communities themselves will be enormously affected by tourism. Their homes, towns, families and live will be changed if tourism becomes a major part of their area. To make the tourist-resident interaction a mutually beneficial one, and to make sustainable tourism a success, it is a paramount importance to understand the benefits and threats of tourist local communities.
One of sustainable tourisms greatest contributions is the degree to which it can shift tourism impacts on a local community from threats to benefits. Local resident play an important role in sustainable tourism from two main reasons. First, it is their homelands and workplaces that are attracting nature travelers. Second, the supports of local residents are essential for the success of any conservation effort, including sustainable tourism. In additional, local or traditional knowledge is often a key component of visitors experience and education.
In addition, even if they are not directly involved in the tourist industry, they play many indirect roles that affect the success of any sustainable tourism enterprise. Local residents informal interactions with tourists play a large role in making the tourists experience a positive or a negative one, whether the tourists feel welcome, safe, and comfortable. Local landowners also play a crucial role in the ecological health of the area, especially in buffer zone of core protected areas, near beaches, around river mouths, etc. and, of course, coastal communities themselves will be enormously affected by tourism. Their homes, towns, families and live will be changed if tourism becomes a major part of their area. To make the tourist-resident interaction a mutually beneficial one, and to make sustainable tourism a success, it is a paramount importance to understand the benefits and threats of tourist local communities.
One of sustainable tourisms greatest contributions is the degree to which it can shift tourism impacts on a local community from threats to benefits. Local resident play an important role in sustainable tourism from two main reasons. First, it is their homelands and workplaces that are attracting nature travelers. Second, the supports of local residents are essential for the success of any conservation effort, including sustainable tourism. In additional, local or traditional knowledge is often a key component of visitors experience and education.
B. CASE STUDY: TANGA, TANZANIA
In the Tanga region of Tanzania, coral reefs have often deteriorated from among the finest in Tanzania in 1968 to wasteland of broken coral with few fishes. Overfishing, accompanied by the use of increasingly destructive fishing methods (including dynamite) destroyed these reefs and left fisher people increasingly desperate. The fishers knew the problem, but were reluctant to address it because of their need for food and income, no matter how little, on a daily basis. Shifting to alternative livelihoods carries too large a burden of risk for these people whose needs are immediate and who live at or below the poverty level.
A program to address the needs of the local people as well as the environment was designed and implemented with the assistance of IUCN at the request of local government authorities. Once the government workers and communities had overcome their mutual suspicions and perceptions, and were able to work effectively together, the communities demonstrated a willingness and capacity to invest time and effort into dealing with difficult issues of enforcement and management.
The villagers have developed their own management plans for areas of sea and mangrove that include restrictions on harvest and closure of certain areas to establish community-based protected areas. In return, these areas and the related by laws have been officially recognized by local and central government, there by securing exclusive access for member of the community implementing management according to prescriptions they have imposed upon themselves.
A participatory approach to management of marine and coastal reserves may require reducing the negative perceptions held by communities of management authorities, and vice versa. The communities may view the management authority staff as tax collectors, police, useless, corrupt, and indolent, while the management authority officers may view the communities as self-indulgent, ignorant and greedy. It takes time to change these perceptions and create a good relationship of mutual trust and contribution. Creating this relationship in Tanga, Tanzania, took eighteen months and was time well-invested.
A program to address the needs of the local people as well as the environment was designed and implemented with the assistance of IUCN at the request of local government authorities. Once the government workers and communities had overcome their mutual suspicions and perceptions, and were able to work effectively together, the communities demonstrated a willingness and capacity to invest time and effort into dealing with difficult issues of enforcement and management.
The villagers have developed their own management plans for areas of sea and mangrove that include restrictions on harvest and closure of certain areas to establish community-based protected areas. In return, these areas and the related by laws have been officially recognized by local and central government, there by securing exclusive access for member of the community implementing management according to prescriptions they have imposed upon themselves.
A participatory approach to management of marine and coastal reserves may require reducing the negative perceptions held by communities of management authorities, and vice versa. The communities may view the management authority staff as tax collectors, police, useless, corrupt, and indolent, while the management authority officers may view the communities as self-indulgent, ignorant and greedy. It takes time to change these perceptions and create a good relationship of mutual trust and contribution. Creating this relationship in Tanga, Tanzania, took eighteen months and was time well-invested.
C. CASE STUDY: GALAPAGOS, ECUADOR
The Galapagos National Park is located in the Galapagos Islands and lies on the equator about 1000 kilometers off the coast of Ecuador. Both the terrestrial national park and the Galapagos Marine Reserves are internationally recognized for their extraordinary ecosystems, their remarkable state of conservation, their easily observable evolutionary processes, their rich biodiversity and the high level of endemism of their plant and animal species.
Although the national park was created in 1959, active park administration and organized tourism did not begin until 1968. Both park administrators and tourism industry representatives quickly realized that if they did not work together to ensure that tourism was carried out responsibly, the unique characteristics of the Galapagos ecosystem could be greatly deteriorated. A comprehensive management plan for the park was prepared in 1974, which included a list of approved visitors’ sites and a zoning system that determined where tourism (and other activities) would occur.
The park services, together with the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), instituted a naturalist guide system in 1975. All tour groups are required to travel with a guide, and all guides are required to pass a training course in order to receive a license to work in the park. This requirement has encouraged many local residents to become involved with tourism and, via the training course and their experience in the park, to increasingly value conversation of the resources of the park and the reserve. The guide system has also helped to enforce park regulations and to increase the park management’s presence throughout its 7000 sq. km. of territory. Guides have also been instrumental in ensuring that visitors become educated about the incredible conservation value that the Galapagos represent.
The first management plan established a maximum capacity of 12,000 visitors per year for the park, a figure that was rapidly surpassed as tourism mushroomed to its present level of approximately 100,000 visitors annually. While several efforts have been made over the years the establish a carrying capacity for the park, it has been difficult to enforce the limits due to the complexity and number of factors that contribute to tourism in the Galapagos National Park. It has gradually become evident that managing the individual visitors’ sites for their individual capacities as well as aggressively monitoring visitors’ impacts are more effective ways to manage tourism number. There is currently no limit on the overall number of visitors to the Galapagos Islands; instead, there is a limit on the number of visitors to each specific terrestrial site. The park authorities adjust boat itineraries to ensure that visitor numbers are kept within established site visitation limits.
The original entrance fee of US$6 has now reached US$100. This has not reduced the flow of visitors to the islands, but it has allowed the Ecuadorian government to capture a greater share of tourist expenditure there. For many years, all of the income generated by the Galapagos National Park returned to the national treasury. With the creation of the Marine Reserves and the consequent greater responsibility of protecting the marine portions of the Galapagos Islands, which could not be achieved without the support and participation of several government entities, the entrance fee receipts are currently divided between the national park, local municipalities, the CDRS and other government agencies. It is expected that this funding distribution will generate a more holistic approach to environmental protection in the Galapagos Islands.
Recent illegal fishing in the marine reserves has created a great deal of conflict between conservationists and resources exploitation interests. The various stakeholders, led by the park and the CDRS, have established a process of conflict resolution and participatory planning for the marine ecosystem called Participatory Management. The principal stakeholders sit down at the same table and reach conclusions about catch size, location for fishing and other related matters. Their first effort led to a Special Law for the Galapagos in 1998, which has helped settle many issues, related to the marine reserve as well as tourism in the islands. Many conflicts could have been avoided if Participatory Management had been in place when tourism was beginning.
Tourism in the Galapagos Islands began when ecotourism and sustainable tourism did not exist. Yet, through trial and error, park managers and tourism industry representative have gradually created a situation which closely approximates what ecotourism represent, benefits to the community, the private sector and resource conservation, visitor education, economic sustainability for the national park, and visitor impact management. It has not been easy nor is the present situation perfect. Yet an important group of diverse interests has been created which will ensure that the unique qualities of the Galapagos Islands will continue to be protected.
Although the national park was created in 1959, active park administration and organized tourism did not begin until 1968. Both park administrators and tourism industry representatives quickly realized that if they did not work together to ensure that tourism was carried out responsibly, the unique characteristics of the Galapagos ecosystem could be greatly deteriorated. A comprehensive management plan for the park was prepared in 1974, which included a list of approved visitors’ sites and a zoning system that determined where tourism (and other activities) would occur.
The park services, together with the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), instituted a naturalist guide system in 1975. All tour groups are required to travel with a guide, and all guides are required to pass a training course in order to receive a license to work in the park. This requirement has encouraged many local residents to become involved with tourism and, via the training course and their experience in the park, to increasingly value conversation of the resources of the park and the reserve. The guide system has also helped to enforce park regulations and to increase the park management’s presence throughout its 7000 sq. km. of territory. Guides have also been instrumental in ensuring that visitors become educated about the incredible conservation value that the Galapagos represent.
The first management plan established a maximum capacity of 12,000 visitors per year for the park, a figure that was rapidly surpassed as tourism mushroomed to its present level of approximately 100,000 visitors annually. While several efforts have been made over the years the establish a carrying capacity for the park, it has been difficult to enforce the limits due to the complexity and number of factors that contribute to tourism in the Galapagos National Park. It has gradually become evident that managing the individual visitors’ sites for their individual capacities as well as aggressively monitoring visitors’ impacts are more effective ways to manage tourism number. There is currently no limit on the overall number of visitors to the Galapagos Islands; instead, there is a limit on the number of visitors to each specific terrestrial site. The park authorities adjust boat itineraries to ensure that visitor numbers are kept within established site visitation limits.
The original entrance fee of US$6 has now reached US$100. This has not reduced the flow of visitors to the islands, but it has allowed the Ecuadorian government to capture a greater share of tourist expenditure there. For many years, all of the income generated by the Galapagos National Park returned to the national treasury. With the creation of the Marine Reserves and the consequent greater responsibility of protecting the marine portions of the Galapagos Islands, which could not be achieved without the support and participation of several government entities, the entrance fee receipts are currently divided between the national park, local municipalities, the CDRS and other government agencies. It is expected that this funding distribution will generate a more holistic approach to environmental protection in the Galapagos Islands.
Recent illegal fishing in the marine reserves has created a great deal of conflict between conservationists and resources exploitation interests. The various stakeholders, led by the park and the CDRS, have established a process of conflict resolution and participatory planning for the marine ecosystem called Participatory Management. The principal stakeholders sit down at the same table and reach conclusions about catch size, location for fishing and other related matters. Their first effort led to a Special Law for the Galapagos in 1998, which has helped settle many issues, related to the marine reserve as well as tourism in the islands. Many conflicts could have been avoided if Participatory Management had been in place when tourism was beginning.
Tourism in the Galapagos Islands began when ecotourism and sustainable tourism did not exist. Yet, through trial and error, park managers and tourism industry representative have gradually created a situation which closely approximates what ecotourism represent, benefits to the community, the private sector and resource conservation, visitor education, economic sustainability for the national park, and visitor impact management. It has not been easy nor is the present situation perfect. Yet an important group of diverse interests has been created which will ensure that the unique qualities of the Galapagos Islands will continue to be protected.
D. CONCLUSION
Based on 2 case study at 2 countries mentioned, which are Tanga at Tanzania and Galapagos Islands. The conclusion is that with the sustainable tourism development can increase economic matters both in 2 countries mentioned. Sustainable tourism development include several aspect, like economy, social, culture, local community and nature. Raising economy in both 2 countries mentioned come from raising income in foreign exchange and with develop in tourism industry that created jobs which is more potentials for local people. Tourism industry can develop more productive in region or country that have a beauty nature, so with sustainable tourism development can motivate to conserve nature that become a main attraction for tourism in both countries. Nature conservations have a purpose to maintain the beauty nature and ecosystem, so can enjoyed for the next generation.
Local community can be an attraction for tourism industry. Sustainable tourism developments have a role to maintain and conserve a local community in a region, so not to leave out the local community.
With obtain the sustainable tourism development in both countries mentioned, can increase income in both countries, increase income for local people, maintain and conserve nature that can be an asset for the next generation. Besides that, maintain and conserve the local community and local culture, so isn’t disappear by time.
Sustainable tourism development can develop almost in every country; especially at develop country that have a beauty nature, particularly in Indonesia. With obtain the sustainable tourism development in Indonesia, can be one of income that potential for our foreign exchange, and maintain conserve in our nature. So, our tourism industry can develop and improve our country, in economy sector, and maintain to conserve for our nature and local community and our various culture.
Local community can be an attraction for tourism industry. Sustainable tourism developments have a role to maintain and conserve a local community in a region, so not to leave out the local community.
With obtain the sustainable tourism development in both countries mentioned, can increase income in both countries, increase income for local people, maintain and conserve nature that can be an asset for the next generation. Besides that, maintain and conserve the local community and local culture, so isn’t disappear by time.
Sustainable tourism development can develop almost in every country; especially at develop country that have a beauty nature, particularly in Indonesia. With obtain the sustainable tourism development in Indonesia, can be one of income that potential for our foreign exchange, and maintain conserve in our nature. So, our tourism industry can develop and improve our country, in economy sector, and maintain to conserve for our nature and local community and our various culture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/management/international/pdfs/day1_concepts_manual.pdf
http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/2004/Papers%20pdf/030.pdf
http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2003/esa03dp29.pdf
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