“Tourism In International Relations”
Lecture : Drs Usmar Salam MIS
Hafiz Imandaru 07/250459/SP/21961
Absen:81
Comparing Sustainable Tourism Development Concept and Implementation
Study Case: Jordan and Turkey
Sustainable Tourism Development
Nowadays, sustainable development is used for developing in every sector in many countries. This concept is used because its development attention about developing environment which usually, development ignores the environment and sustainability of the recources. Thus, this concept was introduced first time by World Commission on Environment and Development at 1987. The reason this concept is announced was by year 1980’s there were global change to environment, human being aware of that each/every activity conducted in the earth will bring impact to environment. The definition of sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Tjokrowinoto, 1995: 4). So as, if some party want to develop itself, they have to give attention on the environment, therefore, the next generation can also fulfilling their own needs.
Tourism sector, also use a sustainable development, it called, sustainable tourism development. World Trade Organization define Sustainable Tourism Development as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems1. Over the last 10 years sets of principles have been developed to try to operationalize the idea2. These principles identify sustainable tourism as having four pillars economic, ecological, cultural and community sustainability. Various guidelines have been developed for each.
Economic sustainability - that is profitable in both the immediate and long term
Form partnerships throughout the entire supply chain from micro-sized local businesses to multinational organizations.
Use internationally approved and reviewed guidelines for training and certification
Promote among clients an ethical and environmentally conscious behavior
Diversify the products by developing a wide range of tourist activities
Contribute some of the income generated to assist in training, ethical marketing and product development
Provide financial incentives for businesses to adopt sustainability principles
Ecological sustainability - development that is compatible with the maintenance of essential ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources
Codes of practice should be established for tourism at all levels
Guidelines for tourism operations, impact assessment and monitoring of cumulative impacts should be established
Formulate national, regional and local tourism policies and development strategies that are consistent with overall objectives of sustainable development
Institute baseline environmental impact assessment studies
Ensure that the design, planning, development and operation of facilities incorporate sustainability principles
Ensure tourism in protected areas, such as national parks, is incorporated into and subject to sound management plans
Monitor and conduct research on the actual impacts of tourism
Identify acceptable behaviour among tourists
Promote responsible tourism behavior
Cultural sustainability - increase people's control over their lives and is compatible with the culture and values of those affected and strengthens the community identity
Tourism should be initiated with the help of broad based community input
Education and training programs to improve and manage heritage and natural resources should be established
Conserve cultural diversity
Respect land and property rights of traditional inhabitants
Guarantee the protection of nature, local and the indigenous cultures and especially traditional knowledge
Work actively with indigenous leaders and minority groups to insure that indigenous cultures and communities are depicted accurately and with respect.
Strengthen, nurture and encourage the community's ability to maintain and use traditional skills.
Educate tourists about desirable and acceptable behavior
Educate the tourism industry about desirable and acceptable behavior
Local sustainability - that is designed to benefit local communities and generate/retain income in those communities
The community should maintain control over tourism development
Tourism should provide quality employment to community residents
Encourage businesses to minimize negative effects on local communities and contribute positively to them
Ensure an equitable distribution of financial benefits throughout the entire supply chain
Provide financial incentives for local businesses to enter tourism
Improve local human resource capacity
Sustainable Tourism Development in Jordan
Jordan is one of the countries who has a good tourism. Inside Jordan, there are many famous ancient heritage, such as Wadi Rum, Jerash, Karak, and the most famous is Petra, where the most modern civilization built at that age. It is a vast, unique city, carved into the sheer rock face by the Nabataeans, an industrious Arab people who settled here more than 2000 years ago, turning it into an important junction for the silk, spice and other trade routes that linked China, India and southern Arabia with Egypt, Syria, Greece and Rome. Entrance to the city is through the Siq, a narrow gorge, over 1 kilometre in length, which is flanked on either side by soaring, 80 metres high cliffs. Just walking through the Siq is an experience in itself. The colours and formations of the rocks are dazzling. As you reach the end of the Siq you will catch your first glimpse of Al-Khazneh (Treasury)3. That heritage, Petra, still represent the buildings at the ancient time because its basic material, stiff rocks, and because of that now we can enjoy that site as a tourism object. A close second to Petra on the list of favourite destinations in Jordan, the ancient city of Jerash boasts an unbroken chain of human occupation dating back more than 6,500 years. Jerash lies on a plain surrounded by hilly wooded areas and fertile basins. Conquered by General Pompey in 63 BC, it came under Roman rule and was one of the ten great Roman cities, the Decapolis League. The city's golden age came under Roman rule, during which time it was known as Gerasa, and the site is now generally acknowledged to be one of the best preserved Roman provincial towns in the world. Hidden for centuries in sand before being excavated and restored over the past 70 years, Jerash reveals a fine example of the grand, formal provincial Roman urbanism that is found throughout the Middle East, comprising paved and colonnaded streets, soaring hilltop temples, handsome theatres, spacious public squares and plazas, baths, fountains and city walls pierced by towers and gates.
That 2 favorite heritage, have a very good basic material, so we can enjoy it now, but by all accounts, sooner or later it will damage if that heritage didn’t have a good treatment. Because of that condition, the government of Jordan aware that if Jordan wants to take a long time advantage from that heritage, they must implement the sustainable tourism development. One of the way to actualize the sustainable tourism development is cooperate with other party, such as World Heritage Alliance, USAID, and other party. As Her Excellency Maha Khatib, Minister for Tourism and Antiquities, explains, sustainable tourism is not a new concept in Jordan. But it is a concept that has been wholly embraced. Jordan’s National Tourism Strategy 2004-2010 targets eco-tourism, adventure, religious, cultural and heritage, and health and wellness tourism as priority niche markets4. The Government’s mainstreaming of sustainable tourism is to large extent due to the work of the The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN). Established in 1966 this NGO is responsible for the management of Jordan’s main nature reserves, including the famous Wadi Rum Nature Reserve and Dana Nature Reserve. Through its daughter organisation Wild Jordan, RSCN makes a significant contribution to the country’s tourism development. Over 40,000 visitors visited RSCN sites and the tourism revenues generated helped to cover a large chunk of the annual conservation costs and supported local community employment. Some 30 Jordanian tour operators are involved in promoting RSCN sites, often in conjunction with visits to historical and heritage sites, thus extending the average stay of visitors to Jordan.
Thus, Jordan’s Government signed a letter of understanding with the UN Foundation to work with the World Heritage Alliance for Sustainable Tourism (WHA)5 to foster sustainable tourism to, and conservation of, World Heritage sites in Jordan. Jordan has three cultural World Heritage sites: Petra, Quseir Amra, and Um er-Rasas. The World Heritage Alliance is also partnering with the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities to preserve and protect Jordan’s designated UNESCO World Heritage sites while promoting responsible tourism to the country. Jordan is the second country to form an agreement with the Alliance and it was selected for a number of reasons, including the country’s drive to develop its tourism industry and the fact that a strategy is already in place for developing Petra in a sustainable manner.
Sustainable Tourism Development in Turkey
Turkey is the one of the most beautiful country in the world. Turkey has a Istanbul City with its ancient buildings, Ankara with its museums and mosques, Antalya with its beautiful seashore at the mediteranian sea, and many other tourism object. Turkey tourism policy is to maintain economics advantage yielded from tourism area to people, and ascertain the policy of environmental friendliness and have the continuation. Then, one of duty from Turkey Tourism Department releasing permission for the tourism area development, promoting state to international world, and follow up the other party intervention to government , local on duty, professional association, and NGO. The another important matter is reinforcement of organization, such as National Tourism Council ( NTC), City Tourism Councils ( CTC) And Local Level Councils. This organization were formed to ensure that benefit of tourism also can be enjoyed the totality level of state do not aside from the local resident. Ensuring that quality from Turkey tourism of fulfill standard is specified. For example, motels, tourism product and labour is specified in Turkey tourism programme. Turkey Government also support business world to give education to local society how to give service which is both for tourist also escalating the quality of human resource for local resident.
Turkey has released many policy to assure of protection to the environment, such as strategy of regional conservancy and protection to the Mediterranean Seashore in Anatolia region. And what is more, to increase prosperity of resident around the tourism location, Turkey’s government pushed local resident to be mixed up with a tourism activity. This matter result prosperity of local resident earn well and support the existence of the tourism industry. They can get work and also enjoy development of tourism facility.
In adopting Sustainable Tourism Development, Turkey very able to do it, seen from efficacy in Cooperating various tourism object in Turkey with sustainable tourism development so that give advantage not only for state but also for local society. This Sustainable development achievement because of the role of Turkey Tourism Ministry as part of Turkey’s government, have determined continuation development principles to utilize the resources and the good culture, and also the continuation of conservancy and restoration, cultural and experienced resource, and the local resident and tourist protection, to minimalized the bad impact on environment. So that in its realization not only think about short advantage but also the negative and positive impact for every life aspect in Turkey. Nonetheless, in its realization, there are resistances such as, lack of cooperation between the tourism cooperation, lack of adoption sustainable tourism development system at tourism object and also tourism collaboration developed with other state still limited to the discourses and there aren’t concrete realization.
Conclusion
The both country had promoted the support for the sustainable tourism development program. Jordan and Turkey trying to implement sustainable tourism development in many ways. Implementation in Jordan is cooperation between Jordan’s Government and the Non Govermental organization such as USAID, World Heritage Alliance and other organization. Same as Jordan, turkey also trying to impelement the sustainable tourism development with cooperation between government and organization. Both countries also promote a sustainable tourism policy to keep the existence of their tourism industry by implement sustainable tourism development in order to take a long term advantage.
Refferences:
1 It quoted from Dr. Bob McKercher. Presentation to the National Seminar on Sustainable tourism Development Bishkek, Kyrgystan. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT. , 2003. Article accessed at March 29, 2009 at 03.30 PM
2 Ibid et .al
3 It quoted from http://www.visitjordan.com/visitjordan_cms/MajorAttractions/Petra/tabid/63/Default.aspx with the title Petra. This site accessed at June 26th , 2009 at 05.50 PM
4 It quoted from http://www.travelmole.com/stories/1135545.php with the title Jordan – Sustainable Tourism Pioneer of the Middle East. This site created at March accessed at March 31st, 2009 accessed at June 26th, 2009 at 05.50 PM
5 It quoted from http://www.chemonics.com/projects/default.asp?content_id=%7Bd405ee48-2bb3-4194-849b-faf33eaf78cb%7D with the title Jordan tourism project teams up with World Heritage Alliance. This site accessed at June 26th, 2009 at 05.50 PM.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar