Tourism in International Relations
Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS
Novianto Wibisono
21383
Sustainable Tourism Development in Indonesia and Thailand
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development is a positive experience for local people; tourism companies; and tourists themselves. But sustainable tourism is not 'ecotourism'.
Sustainable tourism can affect tourism generally in many ways :
1. informing themselves of the culture, politics, and economy of the communities visited
2. anticipating and respecting local cultures' expectations and assumptions
3. contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance
4. supporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring businesses which conserve cultural heritage and traditional values
5. supporting local economies by purchasing local goods and participating with small, local businesses
6. conserving resources by seeking out businesses that are environmentally conscious, and by using the least possible amount of non-renewable resources
The paradigm of tourism has changed from mass tourism concept in the last decade with new one whose term and meaning has not really been comprehended by scholars and practitioners. There are various terms used for this various ideas of new tourism. Some ecotourism, soft tourism, nature based tourism, forest tourism, responsible tourism, alternative tourism, green tourism, small scale tourism, sustainable tourism, low impact tourism, low density tourism, ecological tourism, discreet tourism, etc. Despite the various terminologies used, the main ideas of generally involve three pillars of sustainability, namely ecologically and environmentally friendly, socio-culturally friendly, and economically efficient.
The paradigm changes could be recognized by the changes occurred due to a natural shift of trend and a result of political pressure of world wide environmental movement. The paradigm change stemmed from “back to nature” movement that started widely since the declaration of the World Conservation Strategy in 1980. The conservation pillar then not only become unavoidable concepts for any stakeholder but also become better equipped as an important tool for implementing sustainability concept in each development process.
According to the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism, sustainable tourism will have the following characteristics :
1. minimises negative economic, environmental, and social impacts
2. generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host communities, improves working conditions and access to the industry
3. involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances
4. makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of the world’s diversity
5. provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues
6. provides access for physically challenged people
7. is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN INDONESIA AND THAILAND
The history of tourism in Indonesia has started in the colonial age. At this age, the tourism regulation were admistrated by the Dutch East Indie. At that time, tourists are traveling in groups, as regulated. The destination is still around Java, Bali, and Sumatera. Still, the tourist mainly come for oceanic cruise. It just latter then, when some European tourist started staying for a longer term in Bali. They are mainly come for the blossoming arts scene at the Ubud area, which was as much a two-way exchange between the Balinese and outsiders as it was an internal phenomenon.
When World War II started, the tourism is ‘disappeared’. More or less, the situation is still the same at the early years of Sukarno era. It was in the late 1950s and early 1960s that tourism started to rise again, indicated by the development of the international standard hotels. But, due to the political and economic instability, the tourism is radically declining again. In the early to mid 1970s high standard hotels and tourist facilities began to appear in Jakarta and Bali, and from this period to the end of the Suharto era, governmental manipulation of the tourism industry included an array of policies and developments to encourage increasing numbers of international tourists to both visit Indonesia and stay longer.
There were a number of years that were declared 'Visit Indonesia Year' - with different themes. In a number of cases, where international events interfered, some years in the "Visit Indonesia" decade were considerable disasters. Considerable cynicism from some poor locals because of government enthusiasm to attract interest to locations with very limited interest to international tourists who tended to tread the well-worn path between the larger, and in some cases, over-promoted "tourism objects" as they were called. Somehow, Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is started, and on works.
The history of tourism in Thailand is different from Indonesia. The tourism industry in Thailand truly took off when US soldiers started to arrive in the 1960s for Rest and Recuperation (R&R) during the Vietnam War period. Coinciding, international mass tourism sharply increased during the same period due to the rising standard of living, more people acquiring more free time and due to improvements in technology making it possible to travel further, faster, cheaper and in greater numbers, epitomised by the Boeing 747 which first flew commercially in 1970. Thailand was one of the major players in Asia to capitalise on this then-new trend.
Asian tourists primarily visit Thailand for Bangkok and the historical, natural and cultural sights in its vicinity. Western tourists not only visit Bangkok and surroundings but in addition many travel down to the southern beaches and islands. The North is the main region for trekking and adventure travel with its diverse ethnic minority groups and forested mountains. The region receiving less tourists is Isan in the north-east. To facilitate foreign visitors, the Thai government established a separate tourism police with offices in the major tourist areas and its own central emergency telephone number.
For Indonesia, the term sustainable tourism has recently earned to be implemented sectoral in any development activities. Various sustainability ideas of nature (natural and cultural) related tourism have tended to be blended into one term, namely ecotourism. On the other hand, sustainability that is intended for various comprehensive aspects and components of tourism has tended to be referred as sustainable tourism.
Sustainable tourism is one approach to development of the tourism industry designed to provide a context that can guide choices, bring together stakeholders so they act in the common interest and help decision-makers see more clearly how to balance the positive and negative impacts at present and in the future. When decided to develop the tourism industry, there are many different forms of tourism that vary according to the location, the interests of the tourists and the tourism resources that are available. However, there are certain positive impacts of tourism that are expected to contribute to development. For example, economy support of a community, new employment is created, community stability can be maintained, amenities in the area are enhanced and the community can build a sense of pride and local identity. At the same time, planners and stakeholders have to take into account possible negative impacts from tourism.
One definition of sustainable tourism states that it is tourism developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) based on the main principles include the following:
1. Residents must maintain control over tourism development and planning requires broad-based community input.
2. Quality employment must be provided for the community along with education and training programme.
3. Distribution of the benefits must be broad-based and cooperation among local stakeholders is essential.
4. Intergenerational equity must be provided and tourism businesses and other tourism agencies must adopt long-term planning horizons.
5. Tourism strategies and plans must be linked to broader initiatives reflected in economic development plans of the community, region or nation and move away from the traditional growth-oriented model.
6. Harmony is required between the needs of the visitor, the place and the community in order to promote appropriate uses and activities.
7. The scale and type of tourism facilities must reflect limits of acceptable use, and this means guidelines are needed for tourism operations and impact assessments must be required.
8. The community heritage and natural resources must be maintained and enhanced using internationally acceptable criteria and standards.
9. Marketing for sustainable tourism must provide for a high quality tourist experience.
Moreover, the practice of sustainable tourism development is based on management of capacities and sites, namely carrying capacity that will measure the level of use that is sustainable. However in the management of tourism, carrying capacity approach becomes more important to be implemented by focusing a number of issues to be addressed. Say that every environment serves multiple purposes and sensitivity to different use levels depends on the values of all users in terms of any different types of use has different impacts. Carrying capacity can be useful because it draws attention to limits and thresholds beyond which a site should not be developed. There are a number of ways to measure carrying capacity, including tangible resource limits, tolerance by the host population, visitor satisfaction, rates of growth, and other quantifiable indicators.
One important aspect on carrying capacity that should be concerned is site management. This management involves managing visitors, educating visitors and having a visitor use plan. There are a variety of means that can be used to manage visitors by controlling or restricting access. Visitors can be educated through interpretation of local cultural values, by providing cultural guidelines, having discussions and briefings on arrival about appropriate behavior and by using advertising and promotion campaigns. A visitor use plan can be prepared to indicate and control the physical access to sites.
While there are a set of principles and practices to help guide sustainable tourism development, stakeholders still face a number of challenges are as follows:
1. Getting the public sector, including governments at all levels;
2. To get involved actively in the process of conserving and developing cultural heritage sites;
3. Obtaining the funds needed to develop products and getting the government to serve as a joint venture partner where appropriate;
4. Ensuring that tourism strategies and plans are integrated and linked to broader development plans, especially at the community level; encouraging local businesses, tourism operators and other stakeholders to cooperate;
5. Requiring impact assessments, including monitoring and indicators, where tourism development involves heritage resources and communities;
6. Making interpretation an essential part of the development process;
7. Finding creative financing appropriate to developing countries and areas of Asia and the Pacific where financial resources might be limited.
For Thailand, there are so much the same problem to deal with sustainable tourism. With that, the solution to overcome that problem are almost the same. Except for problems related to the geographic issue, because of the difference between Indonesia and Thailand. We know that Indonesia consists of thousand of island, and Thailand mainly landmass. But, the trouble for developing sustainable is almost the same after all. So, all cold share their own ideas as for developing sustainable tourism.
Minggu, 28 Juni 2009
Comparative Concepts and Implementation Sustainable Development: Egypt and Dubai
"Tourism in International Relation"
Lecture: Drs Usmar Salam, MIS
Wahidah Nur Oktavia
07/257193/SP/22456
Comparative Concepts and Implementation Sustainable Development: Egypt and Dubai
I. Dubai Description
Historical Perspective: Dubai Tourism
Early, approximately in 1830, Dubai is a trader and fisher district. Its region have many natural harbour which become a central commerce activity and fish catching. The situation had being develop until the 20th century and Dubai become a success harbour city and a lot of visitors come from many country to Dubai. Even if, Dubai government doesn’t utilize that condition being as tourism object because oil exploration still propong up Dubai’s economic situation.
In 1980 untill early 1990s, Dubai government put on strategic policy to change Dubai as a high class international tourism destination. To realizing the policy, Dubai government give a annual routin investation in infrastucture sector of tourism. Besides, Dubai government put on tourism development policy which have a future vision, high quality of infrastructure, hospitable and friendly country concerning to the both of visitors and environment, and free of personal tax . The change of that policies give an consequence to Dubai, Dubai become a central of busnisess and tourism in Arab peninsula region. Dubai increase the capability of the country to change the appear of the city from sand plain to the tourist objective country to vacation and shopping.
Dubai Tourism Destination
Tourism destination which have being and developing are megaproject development to establish many skyscrapper towers in palm tree shaped counterfeit island. That high towers will be an investation pillar to build an sustainable economics for Dubai especially and UEA in general. Hotel Burj Al-Arab, one of many luxury hotel in Dubai which familiar because its dhow boat shaped imitates. Dynamic Dubai Tower is the sensational skyscrapper tower in Dubai which its floor can do a 360 degree rotates horizontally in different velocity among the floors. Atlantis Hotel building and Hydropolis Hotel that display giant aquarium which have collects more than 65.000 fishes and dolphins. Dubai doesn’t just famous with the technological building but also be a Shopping Capital of the Middle East because its price were very cheap and reachable in 5 percent of tax, such as Deira City with 240 shops inside, Gurair City, Burjuman City with prestigious merck of good sale, and Wafi Shopping Mall with 200 shops in ancient Egypt architecture interior inside.
II. Egypt Description
Egypt famous with the founding of ancient civilization anf many grandiose monument in the world. Egypt gets the major acquisition from tourism sector, oil exploration, Suez Channel, and many middle industries. With the US$1600 in income per capita, Egypt still trying to crawl move from Third World predicate. As the central of ancient civilization, Egypt unceasing to promote its tourist destination and get success with 2 million people per year . But, by the global financial crisis impact was struck tourism sector, Egypt experience the decreasing of hotel reservation up to 30 percent in January 2009 rather than in the previous year at the same time. Even if, tourism sector itself contributing 6,6 percent from the total Egypt GDP.
Luxor As the Central Concern
In Luxor, an old town in the south region of Egypt, there is an ancient artefact which have 65 percent of total amount artefact in this world. Name of the Luxor taked from one of the shrine in old town attain the age of 4000 years which have been called Thebes and being a part of Egypt which located on east of Nil river in Waset province .
The development of tourism begin utilize by the government in 1998 with opening of transportation track and flight traffic to Egypt in Luxor International Arport. Total inhabitant of Luxor untill now reach 150.000 people and developed by the different outonomous authority from the others. Whole of this tourism region had been fulfill the tourism needs, such as hotel, bar, night club, and restaurant.
• East Region:
o Luxor Temple
o Luxor International Airport
o Karnak Temple
o Luxor Museum
o Mummification Museum
o Winter Palace Hotel
• West Region:
o Valley of the Kings
o Valley of the Queens
o Medinet Habu (memorial temple of Ramesses III)
o The Ramesseum (memorial temple of Ramesses II)
o Deir al-Madinah (workers' village)
o Tombs of the Nobles
o Deir el-Bahri (Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut)
o Malkata (palace of Amenophis III)
o Colossi of Memnon (memorial temple of Amenophis III)
III. Concepts and Theory: Sustainable Tourism Development
To analyze the case study of ecotourism in Dubai and Egypt, this paper will be use many concepts, that is two-level game theory from Robert D. Putnam and sustainable tourism development concept. Both of that concept and theory are had direct related with the sustainability and the success of the destination tourism in Dubai and Egypt.
Sustainable Tourism Development
In simply way, sustainable tourism development is a way of development which is have the quality of sustain or continuity in tourism industry. Sustainable development concept in tourism is a concept that have meaning of continuity between tourism destination development structure in economical objectives, such as producing an income for the region and create the job field opportunity, but with no damaging environment and local cultures which have been a power enchantment of tourism destination.
Sustainable development concept assert the protection of environment, nature, and local cultures which seldom have ignored when the development of tourism destination occur. Tourism industry development which have ignored the concept of sustainable tourism, generally, can broke the environment aspect and local socio-cultural in gradually because tourism industry has many aspects which can bump into the natural environment and local socio-cultural.
Sustainable development concept in tourism has many objectives which is same with sustainable development in other sectors, that is the continuity of development in economic. With the result that a tourism industry can keep on enjoy untill next generations.
The major features of sustainable tourism, consist of :
a. Economy prosperity
• Wealthy and competitive tourism industry in the long range of time.
• Give a good quality of job opportunity, enough salary, and comfort job sondition to the entire of tourism industry employee.
b. Social justice and cohesion
• Increasing the life quality of local communities.
• Safe tourism experience and satisfying the visitors or the tourist.
• Involving the local communities in the tourism program and management
c. Protection of natural environment and socio-cultural
• Decreasing the pollutions and environment degradation in the tourism destination region.
• Maintain and increasing the biodiversity program and local cultures.
Two-Level Game Theory
Two-level game is political concept from international resolution based on the game theory . This concept had been popularized by Robert Putnam in 1988. In the Putnam’s concept, he explain that state executives have two level or probems domain to winning a international negotiation. A leader in domestic and international level face many problems are similar with a game where the player play in two different level simultaneously.
Problems domain and level which have to face by the executives in two-;evel game are divided into two level, that is intra-nasional level or domestic and international level in foreign country. The success characteristic from the Putnam’s concept is both of the success if the leader or the executive hold the support in its domestic country and get a well images in international world.
When the state leader formulates the decision making of policies, including tourism policies, he will get a capability not only to winning the negotiation in foreign level, but also needs to get a tough support from its people. Getting its strong support from the constituen in its country, the leader capable to perform the foreign policies carefully.
Many instances as an examples where the leader failed to apply two-level game and retreats from its position, ultimately. As an instance, Indonesia was in abstain position when the Security Council Resolution of United Nations concerning of an embargo to Iran because Iran’s nuclear issue which praised moreover had a humiliate by the Indonesia inhabitants majority which is in fact wants to representing Indonesia be more pro-active in supports Iran in international stages.
In international tourism concept, which is equal with Putnam’s concept, the leader have to winning the two-level game itself. In one hand, foreign policy which is apply need to have a good way to promotes tourism destination places in its country to increasing inboun-tourism amount or foreigner tourist which wants to visit the country. The problems arise when the controversy occur between tourism promotes policy by the cummunity in domestic. There are different norms between foreign and domestic society. It is make a contradiction in its two level game. In two-level game concepts by Putnam, the state leader is hopefully have a capability to adapt the policies in tourism with the society needs and desires and the contituent in its country.
Ecotourism
Based on The International Eco-Tourism Society, ecotourism is “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people”. From that definition, so ecotourism has tgree main princip, that is natural based, assosiation with the sustainability and decreasing the negative impact from tourism, and has many components of education which have designed to motivating a positif change in demeanor and attitude society in environmental conservation perspective way.
IV. Comparative Analysis SustainableTourism Development: Dubai and Egypt
Dubai :
Dubai governments try to increase the tourism destination in Dubai by the regulation strategy. In its efforts to apply the sustainable development, Dubai government has been implemented on many buildings in Dubai. The regulations have been implemented in Dubai, such as regulation to manage the foreign tourist travel in Dubai, regulation about Dubai Police Traffic Division, regulation in insurance, trip inn, nad regulation about the violation.
Dubai government put on strategic policy to change Dubai as a high class international tourism destination. To realizing the policy, Dubai government give a annual routin investation in infrastucture sector of tourism. Besides, Dubai government put on tourism development policy which have a future vision, high quality of infrastructure, hospitable and friendly country concerning to the both of visitors and environment, and free of personal tax
Besides, pu on the infrasturcture development tourism policies, Dubai government has also do many structural renovation through establishing Department of Tourism & Commerce Marketing (DTCM) on January, 1997 . The activity of Dubai Tourism Board which have been established in 1989 had increased to promote the Dubai tourism such as promotion programs in interational level by brochures, exhibitons, marketing visit, presentation, and roadshow.
In sustainable development in tourism sector, Dubai implement it in many skycrapper building such as hotel, apartment, shopping centre, etc. one of that building is AC Towers, Anara Tower, etc. Anara Tower has an Leadership in Energy and Enviromental Design (LEED) sertification which is a legal statement that Anara Tower is a green and eco-friendly building by give an attention to electicity sources use, water, etc.
Dubai also has a legitimation in ecotourism field and gets the acknowledgment by World Legacy Award in 2004, a international awards in tourism sector. The lucky winner is Al Maha Dessert Resort Dubai in Nature Travel category. Costas Christ, senior director of Natural Tourism Department from International Conservation, recognize that Dubai is a good instance in responsibility tourism sector and increasing the local society.
Egypt :
After the Anwar Sadar replacement Gamal Abdul Nasser ascending become a leader in Egypt , a change of tourism strategiies steps are begin. The change happen precisely after the peace with Israel was materialized. The change of tourism strategy in Egypt increasing the foreign investor to enter. The open tourism In foreign investor are still occur untill now in Husni Mubarak government.
In range of 1971 untill 1997, there are thirteen regulations which have opened by the government. That’s regulations being a law bases for institution to manage the tourism and the related programs. Infitah politic was formulated in one of that regulation, Law No. 65/1971. The thirteen regulations available on the table below:
1971
Law No. 65/1971
Infitah politics begin. Free-zones has introduce. Guarantee of foreign investor cooperation.
1973
Law No. 1/1973
An authority to the Tourism Ministry to manage tourism sector in Egypt.
Law No. 2/1973
Tourism Ministry had a deep rights to design a tourism development.
1974
Law No. 43/1974 Open economy for foreign investor.
1977
Law No. 32/1977 Guarantee the foreign investor to repatriation benefits and cancel the investation.
1981
President Decree No.712/1981
An addition authority for Tourism Ministry in manage the tourism.
1982
Five-year-plan,
1982-1987,
div. ministerial decree Implementation of five-year-plan such as infrastucture development in Sinai and Red River. Liberalize flight rules.
1988
Prime Ministerial Decree No. 933 Special authority to the Tourism Ministry in tourism development planning.
1989
Law No. 230/1989 Replacement of Law No. 43/1974.
1991
SAP Hotel ownership privatisation and tourism enterprise.
Law No. 7/1991
Tourism Development Authority forming, which had an tourism development authority in entire beach along the plain in Egypt.
1994
Law No. 38/1994 Intelectual property rights and merck.
1997
Law No. 8/1997
Investment Law to completing
Law No. 230/1989
Regulations are become a guarentee of the institutions forming which is be a government help in tourism management. Tourism ministerial is the institution in biggest authorities to developing Egypt tourism. Besides, there is Tourism Development Authority (TDA) which have special authority in beach region of tourism and Egypt Tourism Authority (ETA) which have a cooperation partner with Tourism Ministry.
After the institution, many programs which is supports the development of tourism were create. Free-zones program is the first program which is implemented in infitah period aimed to pull the foreign tourism investor to Egypt. Another programs is five-year-plan which have indicates the short term planning from the government.
Recently, Egypt is go along the flow to create many programs which is have sustainable tourism development motives. Two instance programs sustainable tourism development were placed in two locations, that is Fuka-Matrouh and South Sinai.
In the supporting way, Egypt have a stability condition in domestic politics. Otoritarian government creates that stability. So, stay with that kind of condition, internal security will be more guaranties untill the tourism development be easier in infrastructure and aother instrumen.
International Promotion Policies
Promotion which have been applied by Egypt government comprise of :
• International Organizations
The participation of Egypt in many international organizations is helping enough to promotes the tourism destination in Egypt, including Luxor. Another way to support this action is being an World Tourism Organization (WTO), Egypt capable to easier the promotion and development.
• Bilateral Cooperations
Egypt do many cooperations in tourism sector with many countries in this world. China is one of many countries that create a cooperation with Egypt in several tourism activities. Both China and Egypt are the ancient civilization country and so as a big tourism country. The cooperation between Egypt and China is a realization in dinamic and potential sector on bilateral relationship.
• Tourism Web
In internet web, Egypt has official site on tourism field. That site is explained many tourism destination in Egypt, not only in Luxor but also all of the tourism destination places. Its being a promotion perform for many supports systems in tourism sector such as hotel, flight, travel agent, acomodation, and etc.
Reference
[1] http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000240,0,&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=home.
[2] http://www.acehforum.or.id/Egypt-sekarang-t5080.html?s=858ff2d4f9578c3867637b58b322d028&
[3] http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g294205-s203/Luxor:Egypt:History.html
[4] “What is Sustainable Tourism?”,
[5] R.D. Putnam, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, International Organization, 1988
[6] http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000240,0,&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=home
[7] Richter-Steiner
AFRICA AND WESTERN EUROPE IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY
"TOURISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"
LECTURE: Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
DHIAR NUGRAHA
07/254403/sp/22308
AFRICA AND WESTERN EUROPE IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Abstract
The concept of sustainable tourism was introduced in response to the publication of the Bruntland Report (1990), and the ensuing debate on sustainable development, which stated thus:
“ Sustainable tourism development can be thought of as meeting the needs of present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. … Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic, social and aesthetic needs
while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems”.
This definition clearly calls upon all involved to ensure that in the long term there is need to strike a balance between a development strategy which uses tourism as a motor of economic growth and one which emphasises the preservation of the environmental resource base.
Interesting to compare two big region which have many differences in the scope of sustainable tourism development concept.
Introduction
Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world (World Tourism Organization [WTO], 1998), and it continues to grow. From 1950 through 1998 international tourist arrivals have increased 25 fold, whereas the corresponding receipts from tourists have increased 211 fold worldwide. On the other hand, employment in tourism worldwide has shown a corresponding increase. In addition to the dramatic increase in international tourist arrivals, per capita expenditures of these tourists have also increased. With rising income levels, more leisure time, increases in life expectancy, advances in technology, and the shrinking of travel time, international tourism is still expected to continue to grow in the current millennium.
the tourism environment is becoming increasingly competitive, dynamic and impacted by various global issues. Key factors such as changing consumer preferences, the increasing involvement of host communities, safety and health concerns, globalisation of the airline industry, technological innovation and environmental pressures are changing the face of international tourism and by implication are posing new challenges to tourism destinations in Africa. Against this background, this article focuses on the changing shape and direction of international tourism; Africa’s current and future tourism position and potential; the key role of tourism in addressing Africa’s key challenges, including poverty alleviation; and then proposes a sustainable destination competitiveness model that can be used as a frame of reference to enhance Africa’s tourism competitiveness.
Analyses from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organisation (WTO), national governments and major industry operators all conclude that the growth in domestic and international tourism in recent decades will continue up to, and well beyond the year 2010. All indications are that tourism will play an increasingly important economic and political role on the world stage. The WTO forecasts that the growth in international tourist arrivals to 2005 will be approximately four per cent per annum. WTTC's research estimates that this growth in demand for tourism will generate a total output of US$7,1 trillion and create 130 million new jobs in the international travel and tourism industry by 2006 (WTTC 1996).
There is no doubt that tourism will continue to play a major role in the world economy. We must have faith that properly planned tourism will be a positive factor in national development; creating challenging employment and distributing wealth to all sectors of society. It will have flow-through effects and will serve as a catalyst for growth in other sectors such as agriculture, transportation and construction
Our view on the role of tourism in regional economic development is quite an optimistic one, and is based on the World Tourism Organization (WTO) forecasts and trends on international tourism up to 2020. While international tourist arrivals are reported to have increased from approximately 25 million in 1950 to 625 million in 1998, worldwide, which is an increase of 2,500 percent, a WTO1 survey envisions that:
· International tourism arrivals worldwide by 2020 will be 1.6 billion, with spending in excess of 2 trillion U.S. dollars;
· The percentage of the traveling population involved in international travel will increase from 3.5% in 1998 to 7% by 2020;
· Europe will continue to be the largest international tourism region, although by 2020 its market share will have been eroded significantly;
· By 2020 China will become the largest receiver of international tourists;
· Among the various international tourism market segments, eco-tourism, cultural tourism, theme-based tourism, adventure tourism, and the cruise tourism will grow in importance; and
· Tourism as a sector will grow at a faster rate than all other sectors in the global economy.
The WTO’s 2020 Vision
In 1997, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) published a forecast of tourism in the year 2020 based on a survey conducted with national tourist authorities from 85 countries and a Delphi survey of 50 experts. The report, Tourism 2020 Vision (WTO 1999), which was updated in 1999 to include the economic crisis in Asia, presents predictions about the development of the sector and the market, arrivals and receipt trends worldwide and discusses factors shaping tourism in the twenty-first century.
Some of the key trends outlined in the report that could direct the future shape and direction of tourism include:
• International tourist arrivals are forecast to top one billion in 2010 and reach close to 1,6 billion in 2020. These volumes represent an overall average annual growth rate of 4,1 per cent between 1995 and 2020.
• Europe will remain the largest receiving region, though its below global average rate of increase between 1995-2020 (3,5 per cent p.a.) will result in a decline in market share from 55 per cent to 47 per cent. East Asia and the Pacific, increasing at 6,5 percent p.a., will pass the Americas (up 3,1 per cent p.a.) as the second largest receiving region, holding a 26 per cent market share in 2020 as against 15 per cent by the Americas. The respective shares of Africa, the Middle East and South Asia will all record some increase to four per cent, two per cent and one per cent respectively by 2020.
• One of the principal features of the expansion of international tourism over the 25 year period is the rise in the long-haul share of arrivals, with tourists traveling greater distances. By 2020, the global intraregional long-haul split will be 76:24 with average annual growth rates between 1995-2020 of 3,8 per cent and 5,4 per cent respectively.
• Europe will remain the world’s largest generating region, being responsible for almost one half of tourist arrivals worldwide despite its modest annual growth rate between 1995-2020 (3,5 per cent p.a.). International arrivals from East Asia and the Pacific will grow slowly until the year 2000, but during the first decade of the new millennium the pent up demand for travel will ensure that the region becomes the second largest for outbound travel (up 6,5 per cent per annum over the period 1995-2020) forcing the Americas (up 3,1 per cent p.a.) into third place. Africa, the Middle East and South Asia will each show above average growth rates (WTO 1999).
AFRIKA
The future tourism picture in Africa
The Tourism 2020 Vision study forecasts a continued above global average rate of growth in international tourist arrivals in the African continent with an average annual rise between 1995 and 2020 of 5,5 per cent. By 2020, the volume of international tourist arrivals in Africa will reach 77 million, almost four times the 20 million recorded in 1995.
Analysis of sub-regional prospects shows that Southern Africa (at 7,5 per cent p.a. growth 1995-2020) will continue to be the leader, followed by Eastern Africa (5,2 per cent p.a.), though all sub-regions will share in the growth to a significant extent. By 2001 Southern Africa is said to reach 10 million arrivals, five times the level of 1990.
Intraregional travel within Africa will account for the largest number of arrivals in the region in 2020 (50 million) with Southern and Eastern Africa showing the strongest
growth rates.
East Asia and the Pacific show the strongest growth of international tourist arrivals to the Africa region over the period 1995-2020 (6,8 per cent p.a.), albeit from a small base. The strongest growth will be from the Southeast Asian countries.
Arrivals from the Americas (5,1 per cent p.a.) will grow faster than those from Europe (4,4 per cent p.a.), but European arrivals will account for considerably more arrivals in the region (20 million in 2020). Growth in arrivals from Central/Eastern Europe and East Mediterranean Europe will be strongest.
Tourism’s contribution to GDP in Southern Africa is expected to increase from 7,1 per cent in 1999 to 8,1 per cent in 2010. It is also projected that by 2010, 42 per cent of Southern Africa’s business will be derived from international tourism, 33 per cent from intra-regional personal tourism and 10 per cent from intra-regional business.
TOURISM AS A CATALYST FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN AFRICA
The reduction of poverty is without a doubt one of the most compelling challenges facing
Tourism in Europe is serviced by about two million companies, especially SMEs that contribute 5% both to the GNP and workforce (COM (2001) 665, p. 4). Europe, therefore, plays a very important role in world tourism, a role which is expected to rise even more than the average economy, even though, with the new EU countries, the economic percentage increase will drop; indeed, whilst in 1995.
European tourism accounted for 60% of foreign tourism, by 2020 this percentage is expected to fall to 46%. This is supported by the fact that there appears to be a levelling off of hitherto popular European destinations in favour of emerging countries. In other words, during the ten year period from 1990 to 2000, although world tourism rose by 4.2%, European tourism increased by only 3.4%.
Even more evident is the situation in the last three years where Europe has seen an increase of 2.2% against an increase of only 1% in the rest of the world; this is as a consequence of recent political crises and the rise in terrorism. Within Europe itself, there are significant regional discrepancies. Hidden within the aforementioned figure of 2.2%, resides a drop of 2.6% in tourism in western Europe, whilst, during the same period, East Central Europe has seen a rise of 9.6% and Southern Europe, 4.4%. This highlights the importance of the new EU entrants who have an indisputable wealth of natural and historical assets to offer.
In the 60s, people began adopting a more dedicated and systematic approach to the question of tourism. This approach, which from a programming point of view is now called strategic, was able to draw from a range of disciplines which now makes it a very precious organisation and planning tool. Over the last 30 years, one has come to understand just how important and valuable planning a project is, because it is possibly only through planning that, what the former Secretary General of the WTO called: “Squeezed orange effect”, or the effect of uncontrolled growth, that leads to crisis, (Enriques Savignac’s speach, 1992) can be avoided.
A system of observation and control is needed to prevent, reduce and assess the pressure of speculation by implementing long or medium term plans, through progressive and controlled programming (rolling planning system), which leaves open the option for continued updating and review (retroactive correction system). Environmental programming is indispensable for tackling environmental quality at the onset and thus guarantee that the tourist can indulge in their surroundings. It also promotes sustainable development of the area ensuring that the minimum requirement, to guarantee a sustainable environment strategy, is attained.
Environmental programming can be carried out at different levels; through urban development, improvement of the historical centre or through Territorial Landscape Plans. The ideal plan should go hand in hand with other socio-economic activities at every level. This ensures the best use of tourist resources at a minimum social, economic and environmental cost.
In the 1st Action Plan for Tourism, European took into consideration environmental problems, and has supported the industry with the measures drawn up in the 5th Community Action Plan for the Environment which tackles environmental policies stipulated in Article 130. Tourism was not mentioned in the VI Programme 2001-2010 Our future – Our choice which deals with the principle of integration of the Treaty, by which every aspect of European Union policy must take the Environment into consideration when making decisions.
The document states that: “We must endeavour to free the impact and damage to the environment from economic growth by, for example, vastly increasing eco-efficiency or by reducing the quantity of natural resources used to produce a given quantity of wealth or services. Consumption must become more
sustainable” (COM 2001/ 31).
Actions in favour of culture, contemplated in Art. 128 of the treaty, especially those in favour of our more significant heritage, are included in the “Culture 2000” programme which gives funding to the arts, entertainment and research into artistic crafts until 2005. The industry indirectly benefits from the annual designation of “European City of culture” which can be very influential in promoting the winning city’s image as a cultural destination. More and more measures are being implemented in a variety of EU policies and cultural programmes such as the European Sustainable Development strategy in the VI Environment Action Programme of the Cardiff Process of Integration and other industry strategies such as in the field of energy and transport
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Paul K. Ankomah and R. Trent Larson. Education Tourism: A Strategy to Strategy to Sustainable
Tourism Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
PAPER ON FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT IIP 2ND AFRICAN CONFERENCE ON PEACE THROUGH TOURISM: “ COMMUNITY TOURISM – GATEWAY TO POVERTY REDUCTION”
Ernie Heath. Towards a model to enhance Africa’s sustainable Tourism Competitiveness. Department of Tourism Management University of Pretoria
Vittorio Gerosa. Pro-Poor Growth Strategies in Africa Expert Group Meeting Munyonyo Speke Resort Kampala, Uganda 23-24 June 2003 Tourism: A Viable Option for Pro-Poor Growth in Africa? Economic Commission for Africa Economic Policy Research Center
Dr Tekle Shanka. Tourism Strategies and Opportunities in Kenya and Ethiopia
Bill Slee. Reflections on the Prospects for Sustainable Tourism in Transition Economies: the Case
of the Ushanski National Park, Ukraine.
Adriana Galvani. The sustainable Tourism for the Europe of the third millennium
Podgorica and Zabljak. INTERNATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP on Sustainable Tourism Development in UNESCO Designated Sites in western Europe
Comparison between France and Switzerland in tourism’s policy
"Tourism in international Relation"
Lecturer : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name : Antonius Galih S.
NIM : 06/196137/SP/21736
Subject : Tourism in International relation study’s perspective
Theme : Tourism policy based on Sustainable Tourism development concept
Title : Comparison between France and Switzerland in tourism’s policy based on Sustainable Tourism development Perspective
Comparison between France and Switzerland in tourism’s policy
(based on Sustainable Tourism development Perspective)
A.Sustainable Development and Sustainable Tourism development concept
Since eighteen’s decade, world started to realize the urgent of environmental issue. Some environmental issue got priority to handle by state and international organization. Such issues were followed: global warning, pollution, food security, deforestry, etc. As respond, UN (United Nation) released sustainable development concept that defined as "development that meets the needs of the present also consider for compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Originally, the concept emphases on political and economic sector.
The issue got concern bigger and bigger and waded to tourism sector. The tourism development paradigm moved from a mass tourism concept towards to sustainable tourism development1 concept that consider on the importance of ecological and socio-cultural aspects in tourism development. Previously, mass tourism concept was mainly on economic orientation but the raising of nature destruction’s number, this concept wasn’t relevant with the condition anymore. World needed new concept that can cope two points in same time: tourism as economic activities but also as effort to keep environmental sustainability. Then arose the term “sustainable tourism development “. The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems2. This concept generally involves four pillars of sustainability:
1.Economic sustainability : Profitable in short and long term
2.Ecological sustainability :Development that also concern on ecological, biological and nature resources sustainability
3.Cultural sustainability : Increase the control to community in order to show culture and values that sign social identity
4.Local sustainability : Design to give opportunity for local community raising their income.
Like I said before, sustainable tourism development is a respond from states and other international political actor to manage the environmental aspect as support living factor in human life as part from economic and political way. Then the question is how some states realize and imply this concept as their policy. This essay will try to descript and compare: how France and Switzerland imply the concept into their tourism policies. The problem is how can we decide that the policies put ecological consideration as important objection or not? To answer that question, author will use four pillars of sustainability that mention above to evaluate the policies. Also some indicators that can show goals of implementation of sustainable tourism development, they are as follows:
1. Sustainable tourism development provides the opportunity to take proactive approaches based on broad participation by stakeholders, which would contribute to more effective policies and plans. This would increase the opportunities to realize the full social and economic potential of the tourism industry.
2. Sustainable tourism development creates the opportunity for governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector to aim at ensuring long-term prosperity and quality of life for future generations.
3. Sustainable tourism development also creates opportunities to preserve natural and cultural heritages for tourists and local people in ways that address development problems and reduce risks to the environment and ways of life
B.France and Switzerland policies on tourism
B.1 France
France is the most popular country for tourist as their destination. France noted as first rank3 for amount of tourist that visited this country. Since 2005 showed average of tourists spent in France for about 10,6 nights4. Tourism distributed income for about 10 billion Euro or 11,4 % from GDP. Data above indicates that France is successful in tourism sector but that data only note as economic aspect. Does France care to environment as part as their tourism business development? If Yes, What is the indicator, in this case how does France government adopt sustainable tourism development?
France was elected as one initiators state for program “The Marrakech Process on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)” by The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The UN Departement for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) in 2002. Members of SCP have duty to support execution of sustainable tourism by development some factor and projection of blue print for other countries. Focuses of SCP are climate exchange, natural diversity, cultural and cultural heritance also local development.
France initiates some characters of tourism policies to support SCP such as: the use of enviromental resources, assist and preserve on natural resources, reservation for indigenouse culture, secure the native values in addition to focus on economic activities in short and long term that give social and economic advantages for all stakeholder. Some of the main projects under development include raising awareness of tourism and climate change, sustainable Coastal Tourism (Integrated Coastal Zone Management or ICZM), promoting natural and cultural heritage as assets for sustainable tourism development, a Communication Campaign on Sustainable Holidays, capacity building for the environmental management of small and medium enterprises in the accommodation sector and the launching of the Green Passport Campaign to raise awareness in the tourism community.\We can mention some programs: Integrated Coastal Zone Management atau ICZM, promoting natural and cultural legacy as tourism asset, campaign of indigenouse community, development of capacity for minor and middle business scope in tourism sector and launcing of Green Pasport to increase the consideration of green tourism destination.5 Those policy are regulated by France government especially: Department of Ecology and sustainable Development, Department of tourism and Department of foreign affair.
B.2 Switzerland
In Switzerland, Tourism distributes foreign income SF 11,4 billion in 1998 and put tourism as contributor for about 10% from total foreign income. This Country is famous with great natural scenery especially snow mountain. Beside that, there are unique culinary: cheese and chocolate that known by over the world. Switzerland also has good tourisms management system, it can be indicated by having hotel with high rank and complete also elegant tourism education. Some resorts are: Jenewa (historic and artistic city), Zurich (twin gothic towers: church Grossmunster and Fraumunster), Lugano (city with Italy culture and famous with night life), Lucerne (city with free car area), St. Moritz, Alpine (snow tourism), Monteux, Interlaken, and Berne
A basic tourism policy of Switzerland is documents namely conception suisse du tourisme1 in 1979 and more detail in Rapport sur la politique du tourisme de la Confederation, that signed May 29, 1996. Strategy of Switzerland’s tourism policy includes: (i) create contusive condition for tourism. (ii) support the market’s circle. (iii) Increase the interest to tourism destination. (iv) Research and development. (v) International cooperation. In Switzerland, These policies are handled by: Suisse Tourism (ST) or Switzerland tourism office, and Societe suisse de credit hotelier (SCH).
In Fact, Switzerland produces some tourism policies that indirectly adopt sustainable tourism development such as: Government conduct Zermat as city without fueled by gasoline vehicle so this city called no-vehicle city to create free pollution area. In old town like Jenewa, Government provides 1600 bicycles for tourist rounding this historic and artistic town. In other place, Zurich has special bicycles line.
In accommodations part such as hotels, Switzerland has implied system that friendly with environment: hotel moschberg use concept “united with nature” by using organic material as food and no smoking area in all part of the hotels.
About cultural reservation in tourism destination, Switzerland has Organization “ViaStoria” in Bern that promote tourism program called Cultural Routes of Switzerland6 to protect historic route and manage it as tourism asset. Cultural Routes of Switzerland uses method “slow travel”
(emphases on infrastructure development of walk’s route, improve the use of vehicle that run by renewable fuel and combine both of those two methods.
C. Analysis
Actually, France’s tourism policy can be transformed into this category:
1.Ecological Sustainability:
France provides alternative vehicles like taxi hybrid that more efficient in fuel consumption and bicycle (new mobility and ecological walks.)7. France also apply high standards for their resort like beaches, mountains and rural tourism such as obligation to use food organic in rural area and farm, procedure to manage garbage and rubbish, prohibition to use unfriendly ecological vehicle in some area, create a reservation for some creature, etc.
2.Cultural Sustainability:
France has bureaus to teach France for foreign tourists. By that course, foreign tourists will understand diversity of local culture. Government also has regulation about conservation some building that decided as cultural haritance8.
3. Economic sustainable
National government has a great attention to support local tourism industry such as government creates rural tourism that encourage participation of local community or farmers to animalize their asset and improve their income.
4.Local sustainability:
There are some areas9 that know as souvenirs center and controlled by local people. Beside that, every resort provide guide to assist tourist that usually come from local people. This guide also can be mentor for France language.
But in Switzerland, their policy can be categorized into such:
1.Ecological sustainability
Government has establish some policies that friendly with environment such development a bicycle track in some city, improve the use of renewable fuel, reduce the air pollution by deciding some areas as prohibited for vehicle and promote a system in order to optimalize nature potency (by using organic material as food and no smoking area in all part of the hotels)
2.Culture and local sustainability
Organization like “ViaStoria” indicates that Switzerland cares to sustainability of historic and artistic area. By this program, government tries to protect and secure the building, monument etc that has historic and cultural high values. The Government also supports the local culture development as tourism asset like Lugano, as tourists destination to recognize and enjoy the Italian culture in Switzerland. As information: Switzerland is influenced by three biggest cultures: Italia, German, France and Rumanian. And those culture lives harmonically. Even some towns use their unique culture to attract visitor/tourist.
3.Economic Sustainability
Switzerland is country with highest rank of welfare their people. And Tourism contributes 10 % from total foreign income. From those two data, it’s clearly that tourism has great influence for national development. Even, Those data say that, tourism only give income in formal sector but the state income from tourism is manage for welfare of the people. Rarely, informal sector handle this sector because people it’s self trust that state can handle this sector well and they have other formal job. Beside that, the welfare of people has secured by state well.
D. conclusion
It has proven that in both countries, Tourism has been a crucial sector for nation income. Historically each country set their tourism as a great bisnis. France and Switzerland has succeeded to optimilize their potency (nature and human recourses) as tourism asset. So those two countries are familiar with tourism. By consider this situation, they have to keep the sustainability their tourism resources. Along with the raise of environment issue, two countries realize that sustainable tourism development have to imply in their tourism policies. France even be a motivator for other countries applying this concept. In ecological side, this two approve that first step that must be taken to secure nature as their tourism asset is applying the system based on effort to counter global warming such as reduce the use of unrenewable resources like gasoline and transform into friendly fuel like organic fuel and bicycle, unpollition vehicle and adopt a system tourism management that more friendly with nature. This policies apply not only for secure the nature but also this system itself has been a interest commodity, as part from marketing tourism it self. So expect to keep the resources as long term asset, this system has supported and improved the interesting of tourism in those two countries. In logical way, keep and imply the renewable resources are more advantages in short and long term. In cultural sustainability, Franc and Switzerland develop different mechanism. Frank uses a single national identity but Switzerland based on their socio dynamic, they believe in plural community as their resource. Of course this mechanism will influence how the development of their local sustainability. Frank seems simpler, that allow the community to handle their own potency in tourism because it’s similar but in Switzerland, government need to create a special organization to handle this plural potency in order to justify the distribution. Switzerland also creates a social network to accommodate those plural potency in every region to keep the sustainability local culture as long as the diversity of the state, not incline to competition in economic sector.
I believe two states can be projection for other state to adopt sustainable tourism concept. They develop the concept not only for gain the economic profit but consider the social condition. They imply the policies on natural both human resources and do it promotionally based on four pillar: ecological, economic, cultural, and local potencies they have. I believe their policies will sustainable.
Lecturer : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name : Antonius Galih S.
NIM : 06/196137/SP/21736
Subject : Tourism in International relation study’s perspective
Theme : Tourism policy based on Sustainable Tourism development concept
Title : Comparison between France and Switzerland in tourism’s policy based on Sustainable Tourism development Perspective
Comparison between France and Switzerland in tourism’s policy
(based on Sustainable Tourism development Perspective)
A.Sustainable Development and Sustainable Tourism development concept
Since eighteen’s decade, world started to realize the urgent of environmental issue. Some environmental issue got priority to handle by state and international organization. Such issues were followed: global warning, pollution, food security, deforestry, etc. As respond, UN (United Nation) released sustainable development concept that defined as "development that meets the needs of the present also consider for compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Originally, the concept emphases on political and economic sector.
The issue got concern bigger and bigger and waded to tourism sector. The tourism development paradigm moved from a mass tourism concept towards to sustainable tourism development1 concept that consider on the importance of ecological and socio-cultural aspects in tourism development. Previously, mass tourism concept was mainly on economic orientation but the raising of nature destruction’s number, this concept wasn’t relevant with the condition anymore. World needed new concept that can cope two points in same time: tourism as economic activities but also as effort to keep environmental sustainability. Then arose the term “sustainable tourism development “. The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems2. This concept generally involves four pillars of sustainability:
1.Economic sustainability : Profitable in short and long term
2.Ecological sustainability :Development that also concern on ecological, biological and nature resources sustainability
3.Cultural sustainability : Increase the control to community in order to show culture and values that sign social identity
4.Local sustainability : Design to give opportunity for local community raising their income.
Like I said before, sustainable tourism development is a respond from states and other international political actor to manage the environmental aspect as support living factor in human life as part from economic and political way. Then the question is how some states realize and imply this concept as their policy. This essay will try to descript and compare: how France and Switzerland imply the concept into their tourism policies. The problem is how can we decide that the policies put ecological consideration as important objection or not? To answer that question, author will use four pillars of sustainability that mention above to evaluate the policies. Also some indicators that can show goals of implementation of sustainable tourism development, they are as follows:
1. Sustainable tourism development provides the opportunity to take proactive approaches based on broad participation by stakeholders, which would contribute to more effective policies and plans. This would increase the opportunities to realize the full social and economic potential of the tourism industry.
2. Sustainable tourism development creates the opportunity for governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector to aim at ensuring long-term prosperity and quality of life for future generations.
3. Sustainable tourism development also creates opportunities to preserve natural and cultural heritages for tourists and local people in ways that address development problems and reduce risks to the environment and ways of life
B.France and Switzerland policies on tourism
B.1 France
France is the most popular country for tourist as their destination. France noted as first rank3 for amount of tourist that visited this country. Since 2005 showed average of tourists spent in France for about 10,6 nights4. Tourism distributed income for about 10 billion Euro or 11,4 % from GDP. Data above indicates that France is successful in tourism sector but that data only note as economic aspect. Does France care to environment as part as their tourism business development? If Yes, What is the indicator, in this case how does France government adopt sustainable tourism development?
France was elected as one initiators state for program “The Marrakech Process on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)” by The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The UN Departement for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) in 2002. Members of SCP have duty to support execution of sustainable tourism by development some factor and projection of blue print for other countries. Focuses of SCP are climate exchange, natural diversity, cultural and cultural heritance also local development.
France initiates some characters of tourism policies to support SCP such as: the use of enviromental resources, assist and preserve on natural resources, reservation for indigenouse culture, secure the native values in addition to focus on economic activities in short and long term that give social and economic advantages for all stakeholder. Some of the main projects under development include raising awareness of tourism and climate change, sustainable Coastal Tourism (Integrated Coastal Zone Management or ICZM), promoting natural and cultural heritage as assets for sustainable tourism development, a Communication Campaign on Sustainable Holidays, capacity building for the environmental management of small and medium enterprises in the accommodation sector and the launching of the Green Passport Campaign to raise awareness in the tourism community.\We can mention some programs: Integrated Coastal Zone Management atau ICZM, promoting natural and cultural legacy as tourism asset, campaign of indigenouse community, development of capacity for minor and middle business scope in tourism sector and launcing of Green Pasport to increase the consideration of green tourism destination.5 Those policy are regulated by France government especially: Department of Ecology and sustainable Development, Department of tourism and Department of foreign affair.
B.2 Switzerland
In Switzerland, Tourism distributes foreign income SF 11,4 billion in 1998 and put tourism as contributor for about 10% from total foreign income. This Country is famous with great natural scenery especially snow mountain. Beside that, there are unique culinary: cheese and chocolate that known by over the world. Switzerland also has good tourisms management system, it can be indicated by having hotel with high rank and complete also elegant tourism education. Some resorts are: Jenewa (historic and artistic city), Zurich (twin gothic towers: church Grossmunster and Fraumunster), Lugano (city with Italy culture and famous with night life), Lucerne (city with free car area), St. Moritz, Alpine (snow tourism), Monteux, Interlaken, and Berne
A basic tourism policy of Switzerland is documents namely conception suisse du tourisme1 in 1979 and more detail in Rapport sur la politique du tourisme de la Confederation, that signed May 29, 1996. Strategy of Switzerland’s tourism policy includes: (i) create contusive condition for tourism. (ii) support the market’s circle. (iii) Increase the interest to tourism destination. (iv) Research and development. (v) International cooperation. In Switzerland, These policies are handled by: Suisse Tourism (ST) or Switzerland tourism office, and Societe suisse de credit hotelier (SCH).
In Fact, Switzerland produces some tourism policies that indirectly adopt sustainable tourism development such as: Government conduct Zermat as city without fueled by gasoline vehicle so this city called no-vehicle city to create free pollution area. In old town like Jenewa, Government provides 1600 bicycles for tourist rounding this historic and artistic town. In other place, Zurich has special bicycles line.
In accommodations part such as hotels, Switzerland has implied system that friendly with environment: hotel moschberg use concept “united with nature” by using organic material as food and no smoking area in all part of the hotels.
About cultural reservation in tourism destination, Switzerland has Organization “ViaStoria” in Bern that promote tourism program called Cultural Routes of Switzerland6 to protect historic route and manage it as tourism asset. Cultural Routes of Switzerland uses method “slow travel”
(emphases on infrastructure development of walk’s route, improve the use of vehicle that run by renewable fuel and combine both of those two methods.
C. Analysis
Actually, France’s tourism policy can be transformed into this category:
1.Ecological Sustainability:
France provides alternative vehicles like taxi hybrid that more efficient in fuel consumption and bicycle (new mobility and ecological walks.)7. France also apply high standards for their resort like beaches, mountains and rural tourism such as obligation to use food organic in rural area and farm, procedure to manage garbage and rubbish, prohibition to use unfriendly ecological vehicle in some area, create a reservation for some creature, etc.
2.Cultural Sustainability:
France has bureaus to teach France for foreign tourists. By that course, foreign tourists will understand diversity of local culture. Government also has regulation about conservation some building that decided as cultural haritance8.
3. Economic sustainable
National government has a great attention to support local tourism industry such as government creates rural tourism that encourage participation of local community or farmers to animalize their asset and improve their income.
4.Local sustainability:
There are some areas9 that know as souvenirs center and controlled by local people. Beside that, every resort provide guide to assist tourist that usually come from local people. This guide also can be mentor for France language.
But in Switzerland, their policy can be categorized into such:
1.Ecological sustainability
Government has establish some policies that friendly with environment such development a bicycle track in some city, improve the use of renewable fuel, reduce the air pollution by deciding some areas as prohibited for vehicle and promote a system in order to optimalize nature potency (by using organic material as food and no smoking area in all part of the hotels)
2.Culture and local sustainability
Organization like “ViaStoria” indicates that Switzerland cares to sustainability of historic and artistic area. By this program, government tries to protect and secure the building, monument etc that has historic and cultural high values. The Government also supports the local culture development as tourism asset like Lugano, as tourists destination to recognize and enjoy the Italian culture in Switzerland. As information: Switzerland is influenced by three biggest cultures: Italia, German, France and Rumanian. And those culture lives harmonically. Even some towns use their unique culture to attract visitor/tourist.
3.Economic Sustainability
Switzerland is country with highest rank of welfare their people. And Tourism contributes 10 % from total foreign income. From those two data, it’s clearly that tourism has great influence for national development. Even, Those data say that, tourism only give income in formal sector but the state income from tourism is manage for welfare of the people. Rarely, informal sector handle this sector because people it’s self trust that state can handle this sector well and they have other formal job. Beside that, the welfare of people has secured by state well.
D. conclusion
It has proven that in both countries, Tourism has been a crucial sector for nation income. Historically each country set their tourism as a great bisnis. France and Switzerland has succeeded to optimilize their potency (nature and human recourses) as tourism asset. So those two countries are familiar with tourism. By consider this situation, they have to keep the sustainability their tourism resources. Along with the raise of environment issue, two countries realize that sustainable tourism development have to imply in their tourism policies. France even be a motivator for other countries applying this concept. In ecological side, this two approve that first step that must be taken to secure nature as their tourism asset is applying the system based on effort to counter global warming such as reduce the use of unrenewable resources like gasoline and transform into friendly fuel like organic fuel and bicycle, unpollition vehicle and adopt a system tourism management that more friendly with nature. This policies apply not only for secure the nature but also this system itself has been a interest commodity, as part from marketing tourism it self. So expect to keep the resources as long term asset, this system has supported and improved the interesting of tourism in those two countries. In logical way, keep and imply the renewable resources are more advantages in short and long term. In cultural sustainability, Franc and Switzerland develop different mechanism. Frank uses a single national identity but Switzerland based on their socio dynamic, they believe in plural community as their resource. Of course this mechanism will influence how the development of their local sustainability. Frank seems simpler, that allow the community to handle their own potency in tourism because it’s similar but in Switzerland, government need to create a special organization to handle this plural potency in order to justify the distribution. Switzerland also creates a social network to accommodate those plural potency in every region to keep the sustainability local culture as long as the diversity of the state, not incline to competition in economic sector.
I believe two states can be projection for other state to adopt sustainable tourism concept. They develop the concept not only for gain the economic profit but consider the social condition. They imply the policies on natural both human resources and do it promotionally based on four pillar: ecological, economic, cultural, and local potencies they have. I believe their policies will sustainable.
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