Comparative Concepts and Implementation Sustainable Development: Egypt and Dubai

"Tourism in International Relation"
Lecture: Drs Usmar Salam, MIS

Wahidah Nur Oktavia
07/257193/SP/22456

Comparative Concepts and Implementation Sustainable Development: Egypt and Dubai

I. Dubai Description

Historical Perspective: Dubai Tourism

Early, approximately in 1830, Dubai is a trader and fisher district. Its region have many natural harbour which become a central commerce activity and fish catching. The situation had being develop until the 20th century and Dubai become a success harbour city and a lot of visitors come from many country to Dubai. Even if, Dubai government doesn’t utilize that condition being as tourism object because oil exploration still propong up Dubai’s economic situation.
In 1980 untill early 1990s, Dubai government put on strategic policy to change Dubai as a high class international tourism destination. To realizing the policy, Dubai government give a annual routin investation in infrastucture sector of tourism. Besides, Dubai government put on tourism development policy which have a future vision, high quality of infrastructure, hospitable and friendly country concerning to the both of visitors and environment, and free of personal tax . The change of that policies give an consequence to Dubai, Dubai become a central of busnisess and tourism in Arab peninsula region. Dubai increase the capability of the country to change the appear of the city from sand plain to the tourist objective country to vacation and shopping.
Dubai Tourism Destination
Tourism destination which have being and developing are megaproject development to establish many skyscrapper towers in palm tree shaped counterfeit island. That high towers will be an investation pillar to build an sustainable economics for Dubai especially and UEA in general. Hotel Burj Al-Arab, one of many luxury hotel in Dubai which familiar because its dhow boat shaped imitates. Dynamic Dubai Tower is the sensational skyscrapper tower in Dubai which its floor can do a 360 degree rotates horizontally in different velocity among the floors. Atlantis Hotel building and Hydropolis Hotel that display giant aquarium which have collects more than 65.000 fishes and dolphins. Dubai doesn’t just famous with the technological building but also be a Shopping Capital of the Middle East because its price were very cheap and reachable in 5 percent of tax, such as Deira City with 240 shops inside, Gurair City, Burjuman City with prestigious merck of good sale, and Wafi Shopping Mall with 200 shops in ancient Egypt architecture interior inside.
II. Egypt Description
Egypt famous with the founding of ancient civilization anf many grandiose monument in the world. Egypt gets the major acquisition from tourism sector, oil exploration, Suez Channel, and many middle industries. With the US$1600 in income per capita, Egypt still trying to crawl move from Third World predicate. As the central of ancient civilization, Egypt unceasing to promote its tourist destination and get success with 2 million people per year . But, by the global financial crisis impact was struck tourism sector, Egypt experience the decreasing of hotel reservation up to 30 percent in January 2009 rather than in the previous year at the same time. Even if, tourism sector itself contributing 6,6 percent from the total Egypt GDP.

Luxor As the Central Concern

In Luxor, an old town in the south region of Egypt, there is an ancient artefact which have 65 percent of total amount artefact in this world. Name of the Luxor taked from one of the shrine in old town attain the age of 4000 years which have been called Thebes and being a part of Egypt which located on east of Nil river in Waset province .
The development of tourism begin utilize by the government in 1998 with opening of transportation track and flight traffic to Egypt in Luxor International Arport. Total inhabitant of Luxor untill now reach 150.000 people and developed by the different outonomous authority from the others. Whole of this tourism region had been fulfill the tourism needs, such as hotel, bar, night club, and restaurant.
• East Region:
o Luxor Temple
o Luxor International Airport
o Karnak Temple
o Luxor Museum
o Mummification Museum
o Winter Palace Hotel
• West Region:
o Valley of the Kings
o Valley of the Queens
o Medinet Habu (memorial temple of Ramesses III)
o The Ramesseum (memorial temple of Ramesses II)
o Deir al-Madinah (workers' village)
o Tombs of the Nobles
o Deir el-Bahri (Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut)
o Malkata (palace of Amenophis III)
o Colossi of Memnon (memorial temple of Amenophis III)

III. Concepts and Theory: Sustainable Tourism Development

To analyze the case study of ecotourism in Dubai and Egypt, this paper will be use many concepts, that is two-level game theory from Robert D. Putnam and sustainable tourism development concept. Both of that concept and theory are had direct related with the sustainability and the success of the destination tourism in Dubai and Egypt.

Sustainable Tourism Development

In simply way, sustainable tourism development is a way of development which is have the quality of sustain or continuity in tourism industry. Sustainable development concept in tourism is a concept that have meaning of continuity between tourism destination development structure in economical objectives, such as producing an income for the region and create the job field opportunity, but with no damaging environment and local cultures which have been a power enchantment of tourism destination.
Sustainable development concept assert the protection of environment, nature, and local cultures which seldom have ignored when the development of tourism destination occur. Tourism industry development which have ignored the concept of sustainable tourism, generally, can broke the environment aspect and local socio-cultural in gradually because tourism industry has many aspects which can bump into the natural environment and local socio-cultural.
Sustainable development concept in tourism has many objectives which is same with sustainable development in other sectors, that is the continuity of development in economic. With the result that a tourism industry can keep on enjoy untill next generations.
The major features of sustainable tourism, consist of :
a. Economy prosperity
• Wealthy and competitive tourism industry in the long range of time.
• Give a good quality of job opportunity, enough salary, and comfort job sondition to the entire of tourism industry employee.
b. Social justice and cohesion
• Increasing the life quality of local communities.
• Safe tourism experience and satisfying the visitors or the tourist.
• Involving the local communities in the tourism program and management
c. Protection of natural environment and socio-cultural
• Decreasing the pollutions and environment degradation in the tourism destination region.
• Maintain and increasing the biodiversity program and local cultures.

Two-Level Game Theory

Two-level game is political concept from international resolution based on the game theory . This concept had been popularized by Robert Putnam in 1988. In the Putnam’s concept, he explain that state executives have two level or probems domain to winning a international negotiation. A leader in domestic and international level face many problems are similar with a game where the player play in two different level simultaneously.
Problems domain and level which have to face by the executives in two-;evel game are divided into two level, that is intra-nasional level or domestic and international level in foreign country. The success characteristic from the Putnam’s concept is both of the success if the leader or the executive hold the support in its domestic country and get a well images in international world.
When the state leader formulates the decision making of policies, including tourism policies, he will get a capability not only to winning the negotiation in foreign level, but also needs to get a tough support from its people. Getting its strong support from the constituen in its country, the leader capable to perform the foreign policies carefully.
Many instances as an examples where the leader failed to apply two-level game and retreats from its position, ultimately. As an instance, Indonesia was in abstain position when the Security Council Resolution of United Nations concerning of an embargo to Iran because Iran’s nuclear issue which praised moreover had a humiliate by the Indonesia inhabitants majority which is in fact wants to representing Indonesia be more pro-active in supports Iran in international stages.
In international tourism concept, which is equal with Putnam’s concept, the leader have to winning the two-level game itself. In one hand, foreign policy which is apply need to have a good way to promotes tourism destination places in its country to increasing inboun-tourism amount or foreigner tourist which wants to visit the country. The problems arise when the controversy occur between tourism promotes policy by the cummunity in domestic. There are different norms between foreign and domestic society. It is make a contradiction in its two level game. In two-level game concepts by Putnam, the state leader is hopefully have a capability to adapt the policies in tourism with the society needs and desires and the contituent in its country.

Ecotourism

Based on The International Eco-Tourism Society, ecotourism is “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people”. From that definition, so ecotourism has tgree main princip, that is natural based, assosiation with the sustainability and decreasing the negative impact from tourism, and has many components of education which have designed to motivating a positif change in demeanor and attitude society in environmental conservation perspective way.

IV. Comparative Analysis SustainableTourism Development: Dubai and Egypt

Dubai :

Dubai governments try to increase the tourism destination in Dubai by the regulation strategy. In its efforts to apply the sustainable development, Dubai government has been implemented on many buildings in Dubai. The regulations have been implemented in Dubai, such as regulation to manage the foreign tourist travel in Dubai, regulation about Dubai Police Traffic Division, regulation in insurance, trip inn, nad regulation about the violation.
Dubai government put on strategic policy to change Dubai as a high class international tourism destination. To realizing the policy, Dubai government give a annual routin investation in infrastucture sector of tourism. Besides, Dubai government put on tourism development policy which have a future vision, high quality of infrastructure, hospitable and friendly country concerning to the both of visitors and environment, and free of personal tax
Besides, pu on the infrasturcture development tourism policies, Dubai government has also do many structural renovation through establishing Department of Tourism & Commerce Marketing (DTCM) on January, 1997 . The activity of Dubai Tourism Board which have been established in 1989 had increased to promote the Dubai tourism such as promotion programs in interational level by brochures, exhibitons, marketing visit, presentation, and roadshow.
In sustainable development in tourism sector, Dubai implement it in many skycrapper building such as hotel, apartment, shopping centre, etc. one of that building is AC Towers, Anara Tower, etc. Anara Tower has an Leadership in Energy and Enviromental Design (LEED) sertification which is a legal statement that Anara Tower is a green and eco-friendly building by give an attention to electicity sources use, water, etc.
Dubai also has a legitimation in ecotourism field and gets the acknowledgment by World Legacy Award in 2004, a international awards in tourism sector. The lucky winner is Al Maha Dessert Resort Dubai in Nature Travel category. Costas Christ, senior director of Natural Tourism Department from International Conservation, recognize that Dubai is a good instance in responsibility tourism sector and increasing the local society.

Egypt :

After the Anwar Sadar replacement Gamal Abdul Nasser ascending become a leader in Egypt , a change of tourism strategiies steps are begin. The change happen precisely after the peace with Israel was materialized. The change of tourism strategy in Egypt increasing the foreign investor to enter. The open tourism In foreign investor are still occur untill now in Husni Mubarak government.
In range of 1971 untill 1997, there are thirteen regulations which have opened by the government. That’s regulations being a law bases for institution to manage the tourism and the related programs. Infitah politic was formulated in one of that regulation, Law No. 65/1971. The thirteen regulations available on the table below:

1971
Law No. 65/1971
Infitah politics begin. Free-zones has introduce. Guarantee of foreign investor cooperation.
1973
Law No. 1/1973
An authority to the Tourism Ministry to manage tourism sector in Egypt.
Law No. 2/1973
Tourism Ministry had a deep rights to design a tourism development.
1974
Law No. 43/1974 Open economy for foreign investor.
1977
Law No. 32/1977 Guarantee the foreign investor to repatriation benefits and cancel the investation.
1981
President Decree No.712/1981
An addition authority for Tourism Ministry in manage the tourism.
1982
Five-year-plan,
1982-1987,
div. ministerial decree Implementation of five-year-plan such as infrastucture development in Sinai and Red River. Liberalize flight rules.
1988
Prime Ministerial Decree No. 933 Special authority to the Tourism Ministry in tourism development planning.
1989
Law No. 230/1989 Replacement of Law No. 43/1974.
1991
SAP Hotel ownership privatisation and tourism enterprise.
Law No. 7/1991
Tourism Development Authority forming, which had an tourism development authority in entire beach along the plain in Egypt.
1994
Law No. 38/1994 Intelectual property rights and merck.
1997
Law No. 8/1997
Investment Law to completing
Law No. 230/1989

Regulations are become a guarentee of the institutions forming which is be a government help in tourism management. Tourism ministerial is the institution in biggest authorities to developing Egypt tourism. Besides, there is Tourism Development Authority (TDA) which have special authority in beach region of tourism and Egypt Tourism Authority (ETA) which have a cooperation partner with Tourism Ministry.
After the institution, many programs which is supports the development of tourism were create. Free-zones program is the first program which is implemented in infitah period aimed to pull the foreign tourism investor to Egypt. Another programs is five-year-plan which have indicates the short term planning from the government.
Recently, Egypt is go along the flow to create many programs which is have sustainable tourism development motives. Two instance programs sustainable tourism development were placed in two locations, that is Fuka-Matrouh and South Sinai.
In the supporting way, Egypt have a stability condition in domestic politics. Otoritarian government creates that stability. So, stay with that kind of condition, internal security will be more guaranties untill the tourism development be easier in infrastructure and aother instrumen.

International Promotion Policies
Promotion which have been applied by Egypt government comprise of :
• International Organizations
The participation of Egypt in many international organizations is helping enough to promotes the tourism destination in Egypt, including Luxor. Another way to support this action is being an World Tourism Organization (WTO), Egypt capable to easier the promotion and development.
• Bilateral Cooperations
Egypt do many cooperations in tourism sector with many countries in this world. China is one of many countries that create a cooperation with Egypt in several tourism activities. Both China and Egypt are the ancient civilization country and so as a big tourism country. The cooperation between Egypt and China is a realization in dinamic and potential sector on bilateral relationship.
• Tourism Web
In internet web, Egypt has official site on tourism field. That site is explained many tourism destination in Egypt, not only in Luxor but also all of the tourism destination places. Its being a promotion perform for many supports systems in tourism sector such as hotel, flight, travel agent, acomodation, and etc.


Reference
[1] http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000240,0,&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=home.
[2] http://www.acehforum.or.id/Egypt-sekarang-t5080.html?s=858ff2d4f9578c3867637b58b322d028&
[3] http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g294205-s203/Luxor:Egypt:History.html
[4] “What is Sustainable Tourism?”, ,
[5] R.D. Putnam, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, International Organization, 1988
[6] http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000240,0,&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=home
[7] Richter-Steiner