Sustainable Tourism : Indonesia and Hawaii (USA)

"Tourism in International Relations"
Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Arne Suryoyudo Sasmita
06/195562/SP/21563 (No. 30)
Ilmu Administrasi Negara

Sustainable Tourism : Indonesia and Hawaii (USA)

Global Tourism
Several needs can be satisfied by pleasure travel. That is what we called tourism. There are many reason for do tourism like cross-cultural exchange, social interest, mice, duty and business, even for sport. In this era, Tourism take part in global economics. In 1993, tourism transaction has reached US$ 3,5 trilyun or six percent from World Gross Revenue Total, it is more than automotive, electronic and Petroleum and gases industry did. And in that time tourism take part for the labour. Every seven people in the world, one of them work in tourism. Tourism have been important than before now. It’s equal with petroleum industry.
Sustainable Development Tourism.
Like other industry, tourism change the paradigm to adapt the environment from growth tourism development into sustainable tourism development. The World Commission on Environment and Development said, sustainability development can be defined as development which can fill need right now without sacrifice future generation for them. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations (Wikipedia). The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. We can see the differ on the table between growth tourism development and sustainable tourism development
measure Growth model Sustainable model information
Value Growth → Devisa
Ex : Mass Tourism Development Distribution
Welfare
sustainability
Local People:
a. Access
b. Role
c. Character
d. position
a. very limit
b. passive
c. Beneficiaries
d. Marginal
a. Open
b. Active
c. Entrepreneur
d. Stakeholder
Success factor a) Total tourist
b) Live time
c) Transaction level Multiplier effect Value :
Income
Labour
Export
Tax
Government role Initiator to developer facilitator Stakeholder distribution
Quality Standard Local Universal Ecolabeling , animal right, etc.
Management Pattern Monopoly a) Transparent
b) Accountable
c) Professional
d) Partnership
Sustainable development have several requirement to implementation :
• Development base on sustainability and long-time orientation
• Stressing to local wisdom’s benefit
• Everlasting Source management
• Match between development with scale, condition and local character
• Harmony between development need, environmental, and local wisdom
• Right anticipation and monitoring to the process.
Beside requirement, the most important to sustainable development is their principal which divide to :
• Social and culturally acceptable
• Economically viable
• Environmentally sustainable
Indonesia
For Indonesia, tourism is important sector, because first, devisa from the oil is more little through the year. So Indonesia must find other resource to get income. Second, the potency of tourism resource is very spectacular. From the ancient relic like Borobudur, ethnic like NTT have, until nautical tourism like north Sulawesi have. Third, tourism sector Indonesia contribution to national economic is very significant than the others include petroleum industry. And finally, tourism have inter-sector character which rise the multiplier effect very means to inter-venture scale.
for the implementation, Indonesia have many obstruction like Bali bomb, Avian influenza, travel warning, even flight forbidden for Indonesian aviation from UE. But lately Indonesia encourage a new slogan “Visit Indonesia”. We can see what if Indonesia do the sustainability development from principal of sustainability development :
Social and culturally acceptable
In Indonesia, tourism is more complicated because there are so many culture in Indonesia self. So there are many difference between province depend local wisdom. In Bali or Yogyakarta maybe the culture accept the tourism. In there, the local wisdom is accepted because in there the local government support the tourism. In Kota Gede, Yogyakarta, they provide home stay to the tourist who wants to live in there and become a part to the society when the tourist want to live in there. Some program has made by government is :
• Develop potency, capacity and participation local society in tourism development
• Reinforcement society institution for pushing capacity and role of society in tourism development
• Escalation understanding, supporting and participating by local society to make interest for created excellent climate to tourism object
• Escalation motivation, chance and ability local society to recognize and love the motherland.

Economically viable
Like the other Local capacity and role still limited in Indonesia. This is caused by :
• Education-level still the main problem from human resource which impact to the weaken management and product innovation
• Venture expansion from big company who could replace local venture an role in tourism
• High demand from market to product quality and service which couldn’t supplied by local venture
But some program to support the sustainable tourism has developed, such as :
• Escalation the capacity, skill for public business’s product and service in tourism near tourism object
• Escalation market access to product and economic business in tourism which developed by local society
• Develop regulation which orient for pushing development of economic business which developed by local society
• Develop support the capital in development business economic which developed by local society.

Environmentally sustainable
For the environment, Indonesia has developed some program such as eco tourism. We can see there are many tourism with nature, like nautical tourism in north Sulawesi, National park in Comodo Dragon Island. For support those program. The government make some program to cover them. Such as plant a million tree or make the nature as long time ago did.
Hawaii (USA)
Hawaii is one of state from America. Hawaii were founded by James Cook, a conqueror from England in January 10th 1778. Tourism is the activity most responsible for Hawaii’s current economic growth and standard of living. Although many emerging industries – such as technology, film, health & wellness, professional services, specialty products and others – show great promise for the future, our economy and standard of living will probably depend on the activity generated by visitor activity for years to come. At the same time, the visitor industry has major impacts on almost every aspect of our economy, our physical infrastructure, our natural resources, and even our social and cultural lives.
Social and culturally acceptable
For this indicator, Hawaii do great job. When you take vacation in Hawaii you meet some program which encouraged by local government Local. 1.5
• “Keep it Hawaii” recognition awards
• Native Hawaiian Signature Events Program (Prince Kuhio Celebration, King Kamehameha Celebration, Aloha Festivals)
• Support of Native Hawaiian Hospitality Association on master plan for Hawaiian Culture Initiative and 2006 Native Hawaiian Tourism Conference
• Hawaiian language course for tourism industry and localbusinesses
• Radio PSAs on Oahu featuring Hawaiian culture,language, history, environment, sacred sites, etc.
• Japanese language audio tour of Iolani Palace
• Educational programs and activities sponsored by Hawaii Sailing Canoe Association
• E Malama I Ke Kai ocean awareness festival in Waikiki
• Four day ukulele institute on Big Island featuring top ukulele and slack key guitar artists
Economically viable
For the economic, the government has spent $4.7 Million in 2006 for program to support the sustainable development tourism.
• Product Enrichment Program
$500K per county for 120 county projects, $150K for five statewide projects. This is for some program such as agritourism, cultural tourism, ecotourism, health and wealthness tourism, edutourism, and technotourism.
• Major Festivals Program
Diamond Head Crater Festival, Filipino Centennial, Hawaii International
Film Festival, Koloa Plantation Days Festival, Maui Writers’ Conference,
etc. Second Hawaii Festival and Events Seminar.
• Others:
Honolulu Capitol Cultural District study for National Heritage Corridor designation, Waikiki Visitor Center, Arizona Memorial Visitor Center, Saddle Road Heritage Corridor Intepretation
Environmentally sustainable
Hawaii has spent $2.2 million in 2006 for many program to support environment
• Support of Natural Resources Advisory Group
• Wayside exhibits for Hawaii Watchable Wildlife project to promote responsible wildlife viewing statewide
• Waipio Valley Ranger Pilot Program to support public education andenvironmental protection
• Removal of Miconia, a highly invasive alien tree, from Oahumountains
• Creation of coastal garden at Heeia State Park
• Expansion of Makai Watch Project at Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area on Maui
• Trail maintenance in Kokee State Park to remove invasive weeds

Conclusion
After all, we compare between Indonesia and Hawaii (USA). there are so much differ between both of them. Indonesia still left behind Hawaii. Maybe this is caused by :
Indonesia has so many culture With a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, the second longest shoreline in the world, 300 different ethnic groups and 250 distinct languages. It’s difficult to implement the sustainable tourism. Because there are so many character between them. Maybe in Bali and Yogyakarta, local society has accepted the tourism became their part in daily but not in the other province. It’s differ with Hawaii. In Hawaii, only 1.211.537 citizen. With the number of that and one race from local government (Polynesia). It’s easy to implement sustainable tourism.
Hawaii has enough fund to implement the program. As we can see, in 2006, Hawaii has spent $8.4 million. With their resource, Hawaii can support the sustainable tourism maximally. It’s differ in Indonesia, in there sustainability just encouraged by government.
After all the sustainable tourism is needed by world right now. Global warming has reach a maximum. To protect our children. All country must do sustainable development.



Reference :
Sunaryo, Bambang. 2004 “Tourism Development”. Slide presentation. Yogyakarta
Sunaryo, Bambang. ““RENCANA AKSI PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI BIDANG PARIWISATA”. Slide presentation. Yogyakarta.

Internet Reference :
Wikipedia.com
Hawaii.gov
Csrreview-online.com