Comparing Sustainable Tourism Development : France and Turkey

Tourism in International Relation
Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS
Rafael Bernardino
07/254119/SP/22194


Definition of Sustainable Tourism Development
According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, Sustainable Development is defined as development that can meet current needs without compromising future generations to meet their needs. In the document Agenda 21 which is a continuation of the Sustainable Tourism Charter states that tourism development is: "Tourism that meets the needs of tourists and tourist areas that were (tourist destinations) at this time, while protecting and improving the opportunities in the future. The question on the management of all resources so that the needs of economic, social and aesthetic can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, a variety of essential ecological processes, biodiversity and life support system. "
Principles of sustainable development among tourism participation, the participation of actors (stakeholders Involvement), local ownership, the use of sustainable resources, mewadahi the purposes of the community, resources to support, monitor and evaluation, accountability, training, and promotion. Products, sustainable tourism products are operated in harmony with the environment, society and the local culture so that they continue to be victims rather than beneficiaries of development of tourism.
According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), the indicator that can be used to measure the level of sustainability of a tourism destination is the welfare (well being) the host community, terlindunginya cultural assets, community participation, tourist satisfaction, health insurance and safety, economic benefit, protection of natural assets, natural resource management is scarce, limiting the impact, and planning and development control.
Development of sustainable tourism emphasizes the four important aspects that include economic, environmental, cultural and social. Sustainable tourism should be based on criteria of sustainability, meaning that the development of tourism must be economically feasible, ecologically can be supported, just a matter of ethics and society. This means that sustainable development is integrated and organized efforts to develop the quality of life with how to set up the provision, development, utilization, and maintenance resources sustainably.
Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Development in France
In general, France is committed to the start of sustainable development since 2000, when countries agree to this principle of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) which is the result of the United Nations' General Assembly in September year. In the framework set things in Objective 7 to be the one to emphasize the importance of environmental sustainability, with a target to integrates the principles of sustainable development in policies and programs developing countries, and to restore the environmental resources that have been damaged previously.
Since that time also, France focusing on developing a sustainable development in the field of tourism. Which is the main goal is to make all activities of production and consumption in the service of tourists become more sustainable. Thorough, French Ministry of Ecology and recruit Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Tourism, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs to take care of this problem.
In the implementation, French pioneer efforts that sustainable tourism development can be significant in terms of tourism in the country. STD in France focus on the fields of ecology, culture, and empowerment of local communities
1. Ecological Sustainability
France to seek alternatives in the transportation problem. In addition to using the bus or train that is still using the natural resources that can’t be updated for the fuel, French provides an alternative to other vehicles such as hybrid taxi is more sparing of fuel and bicycles. This trend is meant to create environment-friendly transportation and to reduce the exploitation of to resources that can’t be renewed. France is also maintaining its natural tourism, such as beaches, the mountains (normally used for skiing in winter), rural tourism (rural tourism), and its natural attractions. The beaches in France is unique, unique and always clean. For example is the Nice Beach does not have at all the sand, beach Menton referred to as "The Pearl of France", the usual Cannes beach to be the choice for sunbathing tourists, and others. In addition to beach tourism, France also has many attractions for winter skiing, such as Val d'Isere, Courchevel, Chamonix, Avoriaz, Meribel, Macot-la-Plagne, which all located in the Savoie, Rhone-Alpes.
2. Cultural Sustainability
France is known as the country that loves very own cultural. This is one of them reflected from the use of language in there. Perhaps, there was minimal use of languages other than French itself. But, of course, not all people are able to speak French, especially people who coming from another country and don’t have much time to learn french. For that, France has a bureau, bureaus who are willing to teach french for the tourist.
French always maintain their culture sustainability, the use of words such as fetes at each festival implementation, and maintenance of buildings which the museum is the cultural heritage of the country. Examples of objects that become famous in France tour is Cathédrale Saint-Etienne, Toulouse of Roman Ampitheatre, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne, Les Abattoirs Modern Art Museum, where the building is a monument since hundreds of years ago but still well maintained.
3. Local sustainability
In developing and supporting the tourism sector, France continues to empower the local community. Centers in the sale of souvenirs there, the local people sell gift-souvenir sellers, or become workers in the sector. Places, among other Galerie Des Halles (souvenir de France), Marche de Belleville, Les Vins De France, Art Fest (where there are artists who draw the tourists who are on the front of the Eiffel tower), restaurants, and others. In addition, every tourist in France also provided by a guide which accompanies the tourists. Guide is also derived from the local community. In addition to becoming the assistant tourism, tour-guide can also double as the local French language teachers, considering there was minimal use of languages other than French itself. Often also in Paris held a special seminar that french language is intended to sharpen the ability to speak in. Example of such programs is Survivalist's French Language Course,
By applying STD, has had a positive impact for French tourism. According to the data indicated by the book Consumer Western Europe, noted that the results of France's tourism income is always increased from year to year, and is the highest income is this sector. Difference of which are very much be calculated, where the tourism sector is absolutely superior than drink, tobacco, and cosmetics are also a part of the lifestyle in France.
Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Development in Turkey
The success of Turkey in activities other than tourism are the various tourist destinations that attract both tourism and nature tourism culture, also caused by the active role of government. There are many opportunities for Turkey to further maximize the natural assets, culture, history and heritage of archeology asset, through the role of the central government and local. To implement sustainable tourism development, the Turkish Ministry of Tourism as part of the Turkish government has determined the principles of sustainable development such as how the resources of nature and culture is good, and the restoration and maintenance of sustainable sources of natural and cultural resources and the protection tourists and local residents against possible bad impact of environmental degradation.
In general, the Turkish tourism policy is to maintain the economic benefits generated from the field of tourism to the people, and ensure policies are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Then, one of the tasks of the Ministry of Tourism is issued permission for the development of regional tourism, promoting the country to the world the International, and follow up interventions government agencies, local agencies, professional associations, and NGOs.
Economic sustainability
for basic economic principles, a tourism object can be profitable in the short and long term. Turkish government really aware about this case, it can be seen from the Turkish government's strategy to achieve sustainability in the economic sector through their tourism. Through the choice of tourism objects, they can prevent decreased income from the financial sector of tourism, as well as prevent boredom of tourist attractions of the object. Prospect of the number of objects is very promising tourism benefits that the government still continues like Turkey in the future. Of course it must also be offset with the potential for innovation and the utilization of natural resources is optimal, so that variations in tourist objects are growing, while increasing income opportunities for the Turkish tourism sector itself.
Ecological Sustainability
Environmental sustainability has been one of the aspects of sustainable tourism to note, that Turkey is very consistent to the international policy on the concept of development to consider aspects of the environment or ecology. Policy is decided on the joint government and society. Ecological sustainability realized, especially in the development of tourism sector in ecotourism, agricultural tourism and plateau. Where tourism development in this sector involves the public, private and NGO. Society is very important in realizing Ecological sustainability in Turkey, in this case placed the turkey in the same position with the government and the private sector in the management of the environment means that people here have a strong enough role to the tourism development, such as the development of community based on tourism development where the community is not to be but become victims of development actors in the development of the facilitators from the government and the private sector.
Cultural Sustainability
Supported by the advantage of the geographical location in between Continental Europe and Asia, Turkey has the potential and benefits in the cultural sector. This can be reviewed first in terms of historical. History proves the fact that Turkey is a region that had experienced a variety of turnover of the world, starting from the Kingdom of Byzantium, which was then replaced by the famous Ottoman Sultanate because his reach Kostantinopel. History is at once an example that lead to a long history of cultural diversity in Turkey which can survive with a harmonious and can be used as a potential tourism asset.
Back to the fact cultural sustainability, business in Turkey to realize this is to focus on community control of social life in Turkey in accordance with the basis of culture, values, and norms that exist. This can automatically improve the status of the Turkey identity. One example of efforts to represent the embodiment of cultural sustainability in Turkey seen in the Turkish policy towards Cumalikizik, a village at the time of the first was the first Ottoman capital. This left the village and residents in the 1950s as a result of migration to Ankara and Istanbul, so that this village became derelict. Since 1980, Turkish government seeks the restoration of Cumalikizik with the help of UNESCO, and still progressing until now. Concrete efforts made among others are historic sites restoration, improvement of public facilities, and procurement of facilities and infrastructure, tourism and cultural history with the appropriate historical background Cumalikizik.
Local Sustainability
Fundamental goal is to give local sustainability benefits for local communities, or in more simple means to increase income of local communities, some of the things that can be referred to as evidence of the efforts local sustainability in Turkey, among others, local people can directly involved in the management of tourism in Turkey. For example, the program launched in 1989 that includes two beach locations in Turkey, Belek and Cirali (located in the south of Antalya). The management here is not directly involved the tourism plan, but rather to keep the two areas along the coast WWF. They were invited to protect the population and the traditional values of the two coastal areas. The main purpose of the program is to provide a sustainable tourism and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in the coastal area of Belek and Cirali, and create a harmonious relationship between the local community, central government and local governments. In addition, this program has improved the economy of local communities by creating a new job.