Kamis, 01 Oktober 2009
Usmar salam ke Italia
Minggu, 28 Juni 2009
Sustainable Tourism : New Zealand and Scotland
"Tourism in International Relation"
Lecture : Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name : Candra Hamdika Rahman
NIM : 07/250444/SP/21955
Department : Ilmu Hubungan International
Tourism nowadays have increased drastically and have grown to be one of the biggest business in the world. There are many advantages from the tourism sector, especially advantages to the economic sector. The increase number of tourism can decrease the level of unemployment. Despite the advantages from the increase of tourism, of course, there are many disadvantages from the increase of tourism, too. The main disadvantage that occurs from the increase of the tourism is the environmental devastation. Environmental devastation which is caused by the increase level of tourism is one of the world’s focus issue nowadays. Environmental devastation is also caused by lack of governments’s role in the sustainable development for tourism sector. Sustainable development in tourism is an important concept to develop the tourism sector. Through the sustainable development in tourism, tourism industry can develop its own sustainability.
Sustainable development was published for the first time in 1987 by World Commision on Environment and Development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . Sustainable development is economic development that takes a long-term view. It balances the benefits of economic development against environmental and social costs.[1] There are many definition to explain sustainable tourism. 'Sustainable tourism’ is simply a sustainable development achieved through tourism. Just as sustainable development assumes continued economic growth, so sustainable tourism assumes continued tourism growth. Sustainable tourism is not a marketing idea to attract new markets - it is a strategic term to describe a specific approach on the development of tourism. Sustainable tourism aims to take all impacts, positive and negative, into account. All tourism has the potential to be more sustainable.[2] The World Tourism Organization Sustainable defines Tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can de filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system. Tourism sector, indeed, have a great potentials in bringing out income for a country, but in the other hand, the environment often fall into oblivion. Tourism is most ideally suited to adopt sustainability as a guiding philosophy. There are many reasons[3]:
· Apart from transport, tourism does not consume additional non-renewal resources.
· A community’s resources, it’s culture, traditions, shops, leisure facilities, etc, represent the core resources base for tourism.
· Tourism use of resources, both natural adn cultural, should be non consumptive, making them renewable
· Tourism represents on of the few economic opportunities available to remote communities
· Tourism provides a real opportunities to reduce poverty, create employment for disadvantaged people and stimulate regional development
· Tourism has proven to revitalize cultures and traditions
· Tourism can provide an economic incentive to conserve natural and cultural assets.
· Tourism has been shown to foster greater understanding between peoples and a greater global consciousness
Sustainable tourism nowadays have been adopted by many countries of the world. Scotland and New Zealand are two examples of countries that have adopted sustainable tourism in their domestic policy.
Sustainable Tourism in Scotland perspective
Tourism is a big bussiness for Scotland. By the “Visit Scotland”, sustainable tourism is adopted to develop national tourism by maximalizing the potential that Scotland has, in purpose to bring some economic profit from the tourism sector. Through the Tourism and Environment Forum, Scotland believes they can promote their tourism to increase their income due to the economic interest and Scottish people’s welfare. Scotland combines the concepts of sustainable tourism and business to increase their income. Tourism is one of the main sector to the Scottish economic, generating £4.5 billion each year for the Scottish economy and supporting 215,800 jobs. Tourism is Scotland’s fourth largest employer, employing 197,000 or 9% of the workforce (13% in the Highlands and Islands) and pays the wages of more people than the oil, gas and whisky industries combined.
Tourism in Scotland offers the beautiful scenery of Scotland’s highlands, together with Scottish hospitality that attracts many tourist from around the globe. Tourism is a profitable sector for the Scottish, especially the local people. Tourism business in Scotland not only sells their unique local product to help increase their local economy, but also has the purpose for the tourist to understand the uniqueness of the area they are visiting. In developing its sustainable tourism, Scotland involves numbers of stakeholders and some key actors to maximalize the potential they have.
The increasing level of sustainable tourism in Scotland also has many challenges especially in terms of environment and social life of the local people. At least, they are 7 key challenges to the sustainability of Scottish Tourism[4] :
1: Reducing the seasonality of demand
2: Addressing the impact of tourism transport
3: Minimising resource use and waste
4: Looking after our natural and cultural heritage
5: Enhancing quality of life for Scottish communities through tourism
6: Improving the quality of tourism jobs
7: Making holidays available to all
These challenges would be very difficult to fulfil if only handed by Scottish tourism board itself. That’s why Scottish tourism board needs some involvement from numbers of key actors in facing the challenges of of Scotland’s sustainable tourism such as “VisitScotland” sustainable manager, Scottish Government, Tourism Innovation Group, Green Tourism Bussiness, National Nature Reserves, Historic Property, sustainable tourism partnership and many more. With the involvement of those key actors, development is focused to fulfil the 7 challenges. Scotland tried to fusing bussiness and environment benefits to the Scottish Tourist Industry.
For Scotland, sustainable tourism consist of 4 sectors, economy, social, environmental, and community sustainability. In the economic sector, increasing level of tourism causes economic development. The sufficient facilities in Scotland encourage the “high spending” tourists to cram in as much activity as they can into their short stay. These activities encourage the capital movement in the economic sector that can bring Scotland towards a more sustainable future, especially in the economic sector. The increasing level of tourists’ awareness to save the environment around them also contributes to a more sustainable future, at least from a social and environmental perspective.
Sustainable Tourism from New Zealand Perspective
Tourism in New Zealand has an important role for their economy. Tourism provide foreign exchange, many jobs, and domestic income. Tourism has always been connected to culture, society and environment. People of New Zealand are part of the tourism sector. New Zealand promote the value of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and manaakitanga (hospitality) to provide foundation for a development of uniquely tourism industry.
Tourism is important for New Zealand’s future economic growth. Tourism sector contributes $18.6 billion to the economy each year (9% of New Zealand’s gross domestic product). Tourism Sector has a important role to provide jobs field for New Zealander. One in every 10 New Zealanders works in the tourism industry.[5] Tourism is the largest export sector for New Zealand. International visitors contribute $8.3 billion to the economic each year, which accounts for 19.2% of export earnings. During 2006, 2.4 million international visitors arrived in New Zealand. Tourism brings its costumer to New Zealand. They sell product of New Zealand itself which consist of the people, the places, the food, the wine, the experiences.[6] In the global tourism context, New Zealand is just a very small player, with 0.3% of International arrivals and 0.6% of international Tourism expenditure. Tourism adds value to other export sectors by promoting the 100% Pure New Zealand brand internationally. It also adds value to industries within New Zealand that benefit from adding tourism experiences to their product offering, such as farm stays, factory tours, and winery restaurants. Tourism helps drive regional economic growth and supports the revitalisation of towns and communities. This helps to build regional pride and creates employment opportunities. Tourism provides Maori with important opportunities to nurture, celebrate, and present their culture to the world. Maori culture, in turn, adds a unique dimension to tourism in New Zealand. Tourism improves the value of national parks and other protected natural areas. It also benefits from them. The $8.8 million the Government spends each year on Fiordland National Park has helped generate 1600 jobs, $196 million in spending in the regional economy, value-added income of $78 million, and household income of $55 million. Concessionaires benefit from and add value to conservation lands. Tourism has helped drive local government investment in infrastructure and leisure facilities, such as museums, art galleries, and convention centres. It has also encouraged urban renewal. This investment helps meet the needs of residents and visitors alike[7].The value of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and manaakitanga (hospitality) are the basis for a uniquely New Zealand sustainabillity program. By delivering on these principles, the tourism sector will provide hospitality to its visitors while protecting and managing New Zealand culture and environment.
In New Zealand perspective, a sustainable tourism sector means that:
· New Zealand customers will enjoy their time in New Zealand, and will want to travel for the
unique and sustainable tourism experiences
· tourism businesses will be financially profitable, able to reinvest in their businesses,
and attract and retain the skilled workers they need
· the natural environment will be protected and enhanced, and the environmental footprint
of the tourism sector will continue to shrink
· New Zealand work with communities for mutual benefit.
Sustainable development of New Zealand reaches in four areas of life, environmental, economic, social and cultural. These areas are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Visitors will see their experince as a whole not as component parts only. They are great commitment to using their resources more sustainably in the future, which has a vision to protect both environment and economic potential. New Zealand already have a good reputation for being ‘clean and green’. This reputation has been reinforced by Tourism New Zealand 100% Pure New Zealand Campaign. Managing their reputation and delivering true sustainability will create opportunities that will benefit all New Zealand businesses, including those in tourism.
A sustainable tourism can’t be achieved in isolation. They need cooperation from many sector and nationwide commitment to sustainability. This requires all areas of government and all economic sectors to play their role. A clear national framework, articulating a national direction and national priorities, will provide certainty and context for the tourism sector. To achieve their sustainability program, others srategies and initiatives was provide, include[8] :
- the programme being implemented to develop Auckland as an internationally competitive city, with high-quality, attractive infrastructure, facilities, and streetscapes
- New Zealand’s Digital Strategy, which is being implemented to make sure they have the information and communications technology which they need to do business
- the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, which will encourage sectors across the economy, including tourism businesses, to find smart, efficient ways to cut back their emissions
- the New Zealand Transport Strategy, which seeks to ensure they have a sustainable transport network throughout the country
- the economy-wide energy initiatives of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy.
By sustainable tourism program, New Zealand is offically planning the four outcomes in the future : New Zealand delivers a world class visitor experience, New Zealand’s tourism sector is prosperous and attracts ongoing investment, the tourism sector takes a leading role in protecting and enhancing New Zealand environment, and the tourism sector and communities work together for mutual benefit.
Conclusion
New Zealand and Scotland focuse on tourism sustainable in four areas of life, which are economy, culture, environment, and society. Environment is an important area to be protected when developing sustainable tourism. Through sustainable tourism, tourism industry income can be optimalized without exploring natural resources redundantly. Original potentials such as culture, social and also society can give more varieties to develop the tourism industry. Infrastructure improvement is needed to give more pleasure to the tourists. New Zealand and Scotland are conscious with this demand, so they try to improve their infrastructure to be as comfort as possible to give pleasure to the visitors, so the tourist can choose New Zealand and Scotland as main destination for travel and leisure. Sustainable Tourism also open more chances to the employment which can be very useful for increasing the local economy. Cooperation among many actors is needed especially with the government and the stakeholders for the purpose of more focus sustainable tourism.
[1] Sustainable Tourism,
[2] Ibid.
[3] Draft paper of McKercher, Dr. Bob. “Sustainable Tourism Development – Guiding Principles for Planning and Management “. National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Development 5 – 9 November 2003. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan : The Hong Kong Polytechnic, 2003, p. 3-4
[4] Key challenge for sustainabe tourism.
[5] http://www.nztourismstrategy.com/tourismnz.htm
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid.
[8] http://www.nztourismstrategy.com/sustainability.htm
TOURISM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE POTENCY OF MICE (MEETINGS, INCENTIVES, CONFERENCING, EXHIBITIONS) TOURISM IN GERMANY AND U.K.
Lecture: Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name: Yazid
NIM : 07/250420/SP/21949
Tourism research and development is dedicated to facilitate interdiciplinary research projects focusing on a wide range of travel and tourism opportunities. Research has focused on all aspects of the tourism industry (Center for Tourism Research and Development, University of Florida). In particular, Tourism Research and Development aims to : Reseach tourism-related problems, such as the impacts of tourism, tourism planning for sustainable communities and effectiveness of tourism promotional materials; Develop new opportunities for research activities in the tourism industry; Communicative new findings on tourism research to tourism industry partners, elected officials, tourism-related businesses, and community-based organizations; Help formulate public- and private-sector policies that will lead to improvement in tourism planning and development around the world; Train domestic and international leaders and scholars about the tourism industry; Increase capacity-building through funds for graduate and postdoctoral training in tourism; Facilitate collaboration between industry partners via coordination of a quarterly newsletter, practitioner-oriented white papers, annual conferences and lecture series
In determining strategic plan of tourism of a state, the research and development institute has big role. This institute will do analysis of tourism development inside state then suited with tourism potencies which possible come from outside. Simply, it bases MICE tourism application as main tourism potency in particularly Germany and Great Britain. Obviously, MICE tourism is more popular in advanced states where the public service has big influence. The technology owned by advanced state is possible for MICE tourism to continue perfectly. The other task of the tourism research and development institute concerning with tight competition in world of MICE tourism is to find another various potencies by means of doing interdisciplinary study, because most of MICE tourism enjoyers are society which has high mobility such as executive and academician group.
According to the Society of Incentive & Travel Executives, most components of MICE are well understood, perhaps with the exception of incentives. Incentive tourism is usually undertaken as a type of employee reward by an company or institution for targets met or exceeded, or a job well done. Unlike the other types of MICE tourism, incentive tourism is usually conducted purely for entertainment, rather than professional or educational purposes. MICE tourism usually includes a well-planned agenda centered around a particular theme, such as a hobby, a profession, or an educational topic.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Germany represents a federal state in the result of reunification of two different states on 3 October 1990 between West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) and East Germany (Democratic Republic of Germany) which had once separated since the end of World War II. Germany country ages classified as a young country since it’s unification did not make this state then wobbling in stepping forward to innovation in various sectors, especially in tourism sector, though German was more famous in its heavy industry if it was compared with its tourism industry, it was caused Germany experts spent more time in war in past, they represented important scientists in time of world war II.
From geographical side, Germany owns the region for the width of more or less 357.041 kilometer square located in the Central Europe and it owns sea access in its north border i.e. North Sea and Baltic Sea. It is to make it a strategic enough region towards the flow of Europe Trade especially, as well as remembering main export of Germany relying on high technology commodity in various sectors and also chemistry and pharmacy industry create a complete enough integrity for Germany government to maximize income from transit and tour business.
The above condition does not mean that it leaves Germany a safe position on its area of MICE tourism from the competitors in the surrounding region. In a survey performed by Regent Exhibitions Ltd. Indicated that there were some cities and states in Europe starting to threaten the Germany’s leading position on Mice tourism which until today still become the best MICE tourist state in Europe. The following are the information’s taken from the survey:
1. Central European Cities (e.g. Budapest or Prague). Reason: They offer better value
2. Baltic countries. Reason: novel experiences, and cheaper
3. Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Rome, Reason: “sexier” cities
4. Southern Europe countries. Reason: for weather
5. France and UK. Reason: their aggressive destination marketing
6. France. Reason: it’s food, wine and regional cooking traditions
7. Austria and Switzerland. Reason: their superior hospitality values
Almost all the cities or countries above are doing the best while they also took advantages from its living culture and lifelong heritage of its nature or the culture itself. On the other hand, Germany relies on its mobility and high technology to support its domination on MICE tourism leads. Both sectors, the “traditional” and “modern” innovations are also offering its own comfort for the list of the business travelers in Europe, and the world generally.
UNITED KINGDOM
Geographical region in U.K. owns width equals to 244,100 kilometer square, consisted of England for the width of 130,400 kilometer square; Scotland for the width of 78.800 kilometer square; Wales equal to 20,800 kilometer square; North Ireland equals to 14.100 kilometer square. Governmental wisdom of United Kingdom addressed to protect safety and welfare of the United Kingdom citizen, promote and enhance United Kingdom power in International World, as well as supporting the creation of a peaceful and orderly International arrangement
England represents one of the most interesting investments places in Europe region which is also very attractive to some industrial-advanced states, such as: United State and Canada, Europe Union and another Asian Countries. U.K. got 40% of investment total of advanced country flowing to Europe Union. Similarly with Germany, it is the fact that U.K. is business purpose area making MICE tourism very potential to come with great benefit. The prediction didn’t appear without strong reason, U.K. really has remarkable attractive power for businessmen. It is strongly related with the attractive power in U.K. based on very advanced technology and science, has international scale research and development institute, wide market access to Europe Union, the lowest company taxes compared with another advanced countries, available high qualified and educated employees, flexible work hour, as well as high telecommunication facilities. All of them remain a good capital for the future innovations of its MICE tourism development. Around the world promotion and an exhibition of international scale events is a front-line strategy of UK to bring the harmony of business and tourism at once. Maybe once again UK will conquer the world by its domination of its leading technology, just like the Germany’s efforts.
To Conclude
The International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA) at the end of year 2008 published the top ten world ranking of the most popular state of MICE tourism destination. In that publication, Germany by 402 meetings positioned the second rank beneath United States by 507 meetings, both states were not moved from its last position of 2 big since the year 2004. While Britain was in the fifth by 322 meetings. Another source, Research and Markets (.com) recorded the list of the cities in Germany and Britain which were so attractive for devotee of MICE tourism, the cities are as follows: Hanover, Munich, Frankfurt, NurenbergMesse, Berlin (Germany); Birmingham, London (Britain). The achievement can be considered as the proof of the success of development and the seriousness of Germany and Britain government in planning MICE tourism as one of tour potencies in their country. They intend to lead over each other, which bring them to their best innovations year after year and still moving on until today.
The ICCA ranking is based on a survey of 7,475 qualifying events that took place in 2008. The events were organized by international associations, take place on a regular basis and rotate between a minimum of three countries. The association sees its rankings as a tool that should help to identify new destinations for meetings.
For the information, the following is the list of 10 big in the ICCA:
1. USA (507 meetings)
2. Germany (402 meetings)
3. Spain (347 meetings)
4. France (334 meetings)
5. United Kingdom (322 meetings)
6. Italy (296 meetings)
7. Brazil ( 254 meetings)
8. Japan (247 meetings)
9. Canada ( 231 meetings)
10. Netherlands (227 meetings)
Framework adopted by government in managing national research system of tourism in each country above strongly determined what society segment is like which to be persuasive tourism target of particularly a state, in this case, Germany and United Kingdom has similarity, both are advance industrial country representing one of world trade destination are, therefore, the MICE tourism is very dominant. By the end of 2008, Germany and UK still remain undisputed along with another top ten MICE leading countries in Europe. The unstop innovations from its researcher is the essential power of supporting the pace of the tourism growth in both countries. Germany tries to contribute its sophisticated technology to its tourism while UK tries to keep up using its long life heritage culture.
Comparing Sustainable Development : Tourism between Czech Republic and Spain
Lecture: Drs.Usmar Salam MIS
Name: Prischa Retno N
NIM:07/254178/SP/2212
"Comparing Sustainable Development : Tourism between Czech Republic and Spain"
The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Travel and tourism, if utilised effectively, can be a force for positive growth and economic success for both developed and developing countries. Markets have the potential to enhance lives in a sustainable framework through providing wealth creation, choice,innovation and competition.The travel and tourism industry contains these four elements that enable it to be a dynamic market force for sustainability in the future. It has the capacity to increase exports, bring in capital
investment, boost an economies GDP and create employment.For many country tourism become important are for their economy, including Czech Republic and Spain.
Tourism in Czech Republic
Czech Republic is a landlocked country located in Central Europe.The Czech Republic is surrounded by four countries: Germany to the west, Poland to the north, Slovakia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia, a land of rolling hills and plains surrounded by mountains, makes up the western part of the Czech Republic, while the lowlands of Moravia are in the east. Silesia, also a lowland region, lies to the north and stretches into southern Poland. The tourism industry in the Czech Republic has grown significantly since the collapse of communism. The country’s numerous resorts, winter sports facilities, and historic cities and towns are popular destinations for travelers.
One of the most visited tourist destinations in Europe, Prague is the capital city of Czech Republic. The official name of Prague is Hlavnà Mesto Praha, meaning ‘Prague - the Capital City’. This city is considered to be one of the most beautiful places in Europe. Even after suffering a massive bomb raid during World War II, the place managed to restore its natural beauty and continues to attract tourists from all over the world.Prague has become an international center for members of the business and financial communities. The most visited tourist destination are Prague Castle, National Museum, National Gallery, Old Town Town Hall, Prague Botanical Graden,etc.
In January 2008, the Czech Statistics Bureau published up-to-date information on the Czech Republic’s Tourism Satellite Account for the period 2003–2006.GDP generated from tourism about 98.964 billion krunna, it’s about 3% of Czech national GDP. A total of 5,265,241 foreign tourists arrived in the Czech Republic through the first three quarters of 2008. This represents a 2.3% increase in comparison with 2007. While arrivals from traditional source countries such as Germany and Great Britain are falling, tourists from Russia and Poland are becoming the main drivers of incoming tourism. Foreign tourists still show a preference for staying in Prague. Through the first three quarters of 2008, 3,117,436 tourists visited the capital city (an increase of 3.2%). The second most favourite place for foreign guests is the South Moravian Region (372,088 tourists, an increase of 5.8%), and in third place is the Karlovy Vary Region (370,532 tourists, +2.3%).
There are 10 sustainable development criteria : environmental friendly agriculture, efficient water and energy use, minimum waste, gren building, information and awareness raising to client, soft mobility and public transport, biodiversity and landscape protection, cultural heritage, support of local economy, and Improvement policy (including management criteria) The goverment strategy for sustainable development in the development of tourism in the Czech Republic have been integrated into the process of planning and decision making at national and local levels. The majority of global principles regarding sustainable tourism and protection of biodiversity has been gradually incorporated into strategic and conceptual materials such as : The State Environmental Policy, the Conception of the State Tourism Policy, the State Programme of Nature and Landscape Protection, and the Strategy of Biodiversity. The promotion of the sustainable tourism has also been supported by the „green“ certification of landlords, providers of tourism services, tour-operators and whole tourist destinations.
The govenrment concentrates within the framework on the promotion of the sustainable form of tourism mainly on its implementation in the protected areas and in the locations where the most fragile ecosystems are located. For this purpose, the Ministry of the Environment has supported the creation of a network of centres of environmentally-friendly tourism. These centres will be established in each
region and will be governed by a single National Centre.
Tourism in Spain
Spain is a country located at Iberian Peninsula, Southwestern Europe. Because of it’s location, Spain have many external influences on it’s culture. Spain toutism has developed at Francisco Franco regime, when Spain became holiday destination for people from United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Scandinavia countries. Spain has many tourism place such as beach resort, historical place, religion festival, rural area, etc. The main destinations continue to be the long sandy beaches of the mainland Mediterranean coast—notably the Costa del Sol in the south, the Costa Blanca in the southeast, and the Costa Brava in the northeast—and the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands. However, Spain’s historic cities also attract significant numbers of visitors, especially the southern cities with a strong Moorish heritage, such as Granada and Córdoba.
Some example of tourist destination place in Spain:
Madrid
It is the capital city of Spain. There are many museums in this city. The collection of painting in the historical time can be found in the Museo Nacinal Del Prado of Madrid. The contemporary art is exhibited in the Museum called Reina Sofia National Art Museum. King's palace, Fountain in Paseo Del Arte and Plaza de la Cibeles fountain with beautiful light arrangements are some of the other must to visit destinations in Madrid.
Barcelona
It is the second largest city of Spain. Barcelona is famous for its beaches and coasts. Barceloneta is the most popular beach. Here people can relax or play sports with all facilities on the beach. Architecture adds in the beauty of this city. 'Sagrada Familia Church' is the renowned architecture of Antoni Gaudi is in Barcelona. 'Centro', La Rambla' and 'Exiample' are the big three shopping destinations in this city.
Valencia
Principe Felipe Science interactive science Museum and L'Oceanografic aquarium are attractive destinations in this city.
Seville
For the celebration of Spanish festivals, Seville is the perfect place. The Flamenco Dance is the main attraction in this city.
Malaga
This is city is famous for beautiful castles. In addition it is the birth place o f Picasso. Thus his selective masterpieces are exhibited here in a Museum.
Bilbao
Guggenheim Museum and old monumental square called Plaza Nueva are the tourist destinations in this city.
Granada
The palace of the last Muslim ruler of Spain called Alhambra is situated on the hilltop. It is one of the landmarks in the trip to Spain.
Salamanca
Here, one can see the unique exhibition related to the discovery of cars and Automobiles. It is displayed in the unique Automobile Museum which reveals the history of cars and vehicles till the date.
Cordoba
The streets of this city are full with Typical Souvenir Artworks and Crafts. It offers all Kind of things in the small sized shops opened in the city.
The Canary Islands
The seven islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of Spain are very popular. These are: El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote, Tenerife. Gran Canaria Canary Islands is like paradise thanks to its numerous beaches, crystal clear waters and water sports. Tenerife is the largest of the Canary Islands and very popular as a tourist destination. Here is the Mount El Teide. Not only water sports but also hiking, climbing and cycling ara available activities.
Tenerife
This is an island which is a part of Spain. It offers wide variety of Cuisine like Seafood, dishes and desserts from fruits, pastries, eggs with gofio etc. This Island is included in Spain tourist destinations to have the taste of real Spanish cuisine.
Toledo
It is a city of three cultures because of namely Christians, Arabs and Jews. The beautiful palaces, churches, mosques are found here and open-air museum in Toledo is listed in the world Heritage sites
Some World Heritage site at Spain:
The Alhambra, the palace of the last Muslim ruler of Spain, located in Granada is one of Spain's major tourist attractions for exhibiting the Islamic architecture together with Christian and Jewish.The Mezquita in Córdoba is a famous tourist attraction. Tomb of Christopher Columbus in Seville is also visited by travellers. A new science centre and futuristic aquarium named L'Oceanografic aquarium are attractive places of Valencia to see.The historic cities of Cadiz and Malaga are visited by travellers. Moreover, Malaga is a wellknown city due to its being the birthplace of Pablo Picasso and movie idol Antonio Banderas. Guggenheim Museum and Plaza Nueva are the tourist destinations of Bilboa.
Balearic Isles, the three main islands of which are Ibiza, Majorca and Menorca, is an exotic destination. The island of Ibiza is popular with its club scene, weather and beautiful beaches. When clubbing is talked about, it means Ibiza. It has an international fame. Mallorca is the least crowded island among them. Fresh seafood lunches are delicious. Majorca is as popular as Ibiza as a tourist destination.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE IN TOURISM STRATEGY IN NEW ZELAND AND FIJI
“Tourism in International Relations”
Lecture: Drs. Usmar Salam MIS
Name: Destania Sagitarisheylla
NIM : 07/250443/SP/21954
“Eco-tourism is distinguished from other forms of educational or nature based tourism by a high degree of environmental and ecological education, delivered in the field by qualified interpreters. Eco-tourism contains a significant portion of human wilderness interaction that, coupled with the education provided, tend to transform tourists into strong advocates for environmental protection. Eco-tourism practice minimises the environmental and cultural impacts of visitors, ensures that financial benefits flow to host communities and places a special emphasis on financial contribution to conservation efforts”. (Allen, K.,1993. ‘South Australian market review’, in Down to Earth Planning for an Out-Of-The-Ordinary Industry, Paper presented at the South Australian Eco-tourism Forum, August 19-20, Adelaide).
It is to accept this third millennium, most of human life aspects experiences greatly fast growth. Some parties concluded the growing aspects to 4T (Transportation, Telecommunication, Tourism, and Technology). However, till in this time tourism aspect is always considered as a soft activity. The 4T aspect always has relation with the factual issues growing recently about global warming and other environmental issues. Why is global warming? It is because this issue represents the most sensitive central issue in the 21st century, some experts stated that all developments concerning with this issue, the global warming issue would relate to the continuity of all life beings on earth planet in the future.
As respond to it, the 4T aspects above as human life aspect growing most quickly must have been always going to be an analysis material and criticism object. The transportation aspect for instance, produced emission in a great amount, accelerates global warming process. The combustion result of fossil fuel as a “soul” of almost all transportation devices in the world makes it one of many enough huge global warming source. To accept it, the experts began to create alternative technologies to omit produced emission. Then some technologies had been created, such as the electrical transportation device which is friendly with the environment, and so on.
It is similar but not the same with another 4T aspect which is the tourism aspect that also represents fast growing aspect. The criticism addressed to this aspect is positively not too sharp as that addressed to the transportation aspect as explained before. Yet, it doesn’t mean that this aspect didn’t experience the similar growth. The “environment-friendly” aspect is also more intensive in its application in various tourism systems in many countries in all around the globe.
The tourism can not be separated from natural substance inside, however, the natural beauty represents the biggest factor presented by tourism to take the benefit inside. Just only, sometimes human forgets to allocate gained profit from nature to be returned to nature as a responsible being. These things become then criticisms object of many environments experts, they often refer it as an uncontrolled exploitation. We cannot just let the exploitation to keep on it’s pace, re-arrange the damage of the mother nature can not be done in a single day, a month, or a year, it needs time, a lot of time, it even needs more than one human generation just to see a tree grow perfectly in the middle of the forest. Nature has each own balance and it has been lined since the nature created. Uncontrolled intervention to ecological balance will only bring the impact of harming the human being itself.
Leaving from that fact, government of the nations whose tourism systems has bad history with environment started to improve their human-to-nature relations matter. The effort was called Sustainable Tourism Development. Nevertheless, Sustainable Tourism Development did not only include the improvement of relation between the tourism and the nature, even though it more often equaled with the nature itself or ecotourism. Sustainable Tourism Development also included another consideration such as local society empowerment, culture, custom, until life style, as well as social system and general issues such as prevailing economy’s growth level. Sustainable Tourism Development aims to make the tourism constantly come the profit for the party concerning in it without exploiting the nature which is finally could become an environmental degradation, the damage of local society culture, or damage to social system prevailing in around the place of the tourism destination.
Sustainable Tourism Development has 3 main points:
The necessary interactions between the environment and economic activity;
Long-term time scale; and
Inter- as well as intra-generational equity – providing for the needs of current societies without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Tourism Development Strategy: New Zealand and Fiji.
The STD concept offered by New Zealand and Fiji represents the reflection from an “era of changes” demand which more requires improvement in every aspect of human life to bring the good not only to another human, but also to every living creature.
In its tourism strategy (New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015), New Zealand attempted to adapt with various happening of changes, either in global level, or in domestic level. The government of New Zealand stated that the new tourism strategy made up a respond of various global change demands happening since 2001, especially related in environment issue.
Changes at the global level include:
1. Growing concern about the impact of travel on climate change
2. Greater use of the internet and online bookings
3. Higher fuel prices.
At the domestic level, the industry faces challenges in:
1. Recruiting appropriately skilled staff
2. Becoming more environmentally sustainable
3. The provision of appropriate, high quality infrastructure.
To make above changes vision can be fulfilled, hence it needs the existence of correct strategy formula. The outline of the strategy formula is poured into four main points such as those existed in the following draft of Tourism Development Strategy 2015 of New Zealand:
1. New Zealand delivers a world class visitor experience
In a competitive international environment, it is vital that we capitalize fully on the many wonders New Zealand has to offer. We must deliver products that are high quality, authentic, unique and delivered with superb service.
2. New Zealand’s tourism sector is prosperous and attracts ongoing investment
Our goals for the industry can only be realized if we can ensure continue upgrading our products.
3. The tourism sector takes a leading role in protecting and enhancing the environment
These actions are essential to protect tourism’s greatest asset, and ensure the ongoing prosperity of our tourism industry.
4. The tourism sector and communities work together for mutual benefit
Tourism is a major economic contributor to many regions of the country. It is important that communities and operators build strong relationships and recognize each others’ important contribution.
It is seen from the four big formulas, it is reflected that New Zealand really wishes to fulfill what is burdened by the concept of sustainable Tourism Development.
While Fiji, in formula of its tourism strategy (Fiji Tourism Development 2007-2014) expresses that they use 4 special approach aspects as its tourism development focus, the four aspects are:
1. Social
2. Cultural
3. Environmental
4. Economic
The key to developing Fiji Tourism Development Plan will be to ensure there
is balance between the four planks of prosperity and acknowledge the unique structure of Fijian society and administration. The aim is to collaboratively prepare a Tourism Development Strategy Plan that comprehensively identifies, considers and prioritizes the tourism development, management and marketing strategies for Fiji’s tourism industry.
Guiding Principles
The project has adopted the following initial principles to guide the development of the Tourism Development Strategy Plan:
Sustainable development
Regional prosperity
Facilitating the future
Guiding growth
Balanced supply
Linking opportunities
Encouraging initiative
From the strategic plan of tourism of the both countries above we can see that there is need similarity of adaptation to the “era of changes”. The environmental issues now more insist their needs. There are many international agreements in various forms which presently consider environmental issues are not the things which could be compromised, moreover just due to willing to maximize the profit. The international actors nowadays can insist a state to take care of the ecological system unity of its environment. This matter also bases more popular the tourism ecotourism in many parts of the world, no exclusion in New Zealand and Fiji.
A tourism activity can be categorized ecotourism tourism if it fills the 5 ecotourism principles (Cooper, 1997). The five principles are : 1) sustainable principle is tourism concentrating on support of continuity of nature; 2) that natural environment has to be safe and safety-well ensured to be made heritage for future generation; 3) maintaining various being existing around, either human, animal, plant and any others which come from nature and live in the related nature. The variety of live being is trusted to be able to survive if the ecosystem kept; 4) formulating the planning holistically and the implementation must be holistically also. Natural harmonizing with human and environmental integrity must be real; 5) carrying capacity, it means that all parties involved in the tourism activity get the benefit. Beneficial level must be gained either in dimensional for provider or tourists.
Now it just wait whether the tourism strategy of the both states positively can make a condition tourism which includes the 5 conditions above so that it can make its governance, its society, its nature all get benefit from every tourist who visits.
Comparison of Indonesian – Singapore's Tourism Sustainable Development
Lecture : Drs Usmar Salam MIS
Student's Identity
Name : A. Anjar W. P.
NIM : 06/195773/SP/21634
Grade/Cont. : SI / State Administration Program at Department of
Political Science, Gadjah Mada University
Class No. : 6
Absent No. : 35
Comparison of Indonesian – Singapore's Tourism Sustainable Development
Background
Indonesia
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago. After the New Order Era has ended in 1998, the face of Indonesia has been changed. The whole nation has to face the economic turbulence and crisis everywhere. On the order hand, freedom of the press and freedom of speech are developing. People are more aware and critical about social, economical and political situation. This is a part of a learning curve about democratization. Indonesia’s archipelago with a tropical climate and very humid, has a richness and diversity of natural resources (beaches, volcanoes, tropical forests, and wildlife) that is unique in the world. As well as the natural beauty of Indonesia, visitors are able to see and appreciate Indonesia’s cultural and social legacies. They will know how Buddhism, Hinduism Islam, and Christianity have all contributed to Indonesia’s built heritage and its living culture.
Indonesia’s position is between Asia and Australia and this country is as wide as the European continent. The sea, with the major islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua, occupies fourth-fifths of the area. Even Papua and Kalimantan rank as the second and third largest island in the world after Greenland. This country is the world’s 14th largest nation with cultural and nature diversity. For culture diversity can be seen from more than 200 million people with 250-300 ethnic groups live in and scattered over 17,000 islands spread across 5,120 km of the tropical ocean. Most of them have their own language and dialects, but Bahasa Indonesia is the national language and is spoken throughout the archipelago. For natural diversity can be seen from some areas such as Java and Bali have the most fertile islands and rice plantations are concentrated in these two regions. Whereas Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua are the place of the tropical rain forest, and open savannah grassland is in the Nusa Tenggara. Moreover various animal species comes from three different sources. Asian mammals are from the west, Australian marsupial species and birds are from the east and the endemic species are in the middle of archipelago. Orangutan, tigers, one homed rhinos, elephants, dugongs, anoas, komodo dragons are the proud of Indonesia. Besides on land, deep down the sea, there are more than hundred marine species as a part of the archipelago’s treasure.
Tourism in Indonesia is an important component of the Indonesian economy as well as a significant source of foreign exchange revenues. With a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, the second longest shoreline in the world, 300 different ethnic groups and 250 distinct languages, and tropical climate throughout the year, nature and culture are two major components of Indonesian tourism.
Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. International tourist campaigns have been focusing largely on tropical destination with white sand beaches and blue sky imagery. Beach resorts and hotels were developed in some Indonesia islands, with Bali island as the primary destination. Cultural tourism is also an important part of Indonesia tourism industry. Toraja, Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Yogyakarta and Minangkabau are popular destinations for cultural tourism, apart from many Hindu festivities in Bali. About 5 million foreign tourists have visited Indonesia annually since 2000.
However, tourism development had sometimes clashed with local people, that has created criticism over Indonesia's tourism industry. Most of the disputes were related over land possession, local traditions (adat) and the impact of tourism development to the local people. In another area, tourism industry in Indonesia faces major threats. Since 2002, several warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic/religious conflicts in some areas, which significantly reduces the number of foreign visitors.
As with most countries, domestic tourists are by far the largest market segment. The biggest movement of domestic tourists is during the annual Eid ul-Fitr, locally known as "lebaran". During this period, which is a 2 week holiday after the month of Ramadan fasting, many city-dwelling Muslim Indonesians visit relatives in their home towns. Intercity traffic is at its peak and often an additional surcharge is applied during this time.
Over the 5 years up to 2006, attention has been focused on generating more domestic tourism. Competition amongst budget airlines has increased the number of domestic air travelers throughout the country. Recently, the Ministry of Labor legislated to create long weekends by combining public holidays that fall close to weekends, except in the case of important religious holidays. During these long weekends, most hotels in popular destinations are fully booked.
Since 2000, there have been, on average, 5 million foreign tourists each year, who spend an average of US$ 100 per day. With an average visit duration of 9-12 days, Indonesia gains US$ 4.6 billion of foreign exchange income annually. This makes tourism Indonesia's third most important non-oil/gas source of foreign revenue, after timber and textile products.
Three quarters of Indonesia's visitors come from the Asia Pacific region, with Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Japan and South Korea among the top five markets. The United Kingdom, France, Germany and the Netherlands are the largest sources of European visitors. Although Dutch visitors are at least in part keen to explore the historical relationships, many European visitors are seeking the tropical weather at the beaches in Bali.
Singapore
Singapore is an island city-state located at the southern tip of Malay Peninsula, lying 137 kilometers north of the Indonesia's Rial Islands. Truly, Singapore's Island was a part of Indonesia's archipelagos before European settlement. Singapore is a micro state and the smallest nation in Southeast Asia, is by orders of magnitude larger than Monaco and Vatican City, the only surviving sovereign city states. Before European settlement, the island now known as Singapore was the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819, the British East India Company, led by Sir Stamford Raffles, established a trading post on the island, which was used as a port along the spice route. Singapore became one of the most important commercial and military centers of the British Empire, and the hub of British power in Southeast Asia.1
Tourism in Singapore is a major industry and attracts millions of tourists each year. Its cultural attraction can be attributed to its cultural diversity that reflects its colonial history and Chinese, Malay, Indian and Arab ethnicities. It is also environmentally friendly, and maintains natural and heritage conservation programs. As English is one of its numerous official languages, it is generally easier for tourists to understand when speaking to the local population of the country, for example, when shopping. Transport in Singapore exhaustively covers most, if not all public venues in Singapore, which increases convenience for tourists. This includes the well-known Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system.2
The Orchard Road district, which is dominated by multi-story shopping centers and hotels, can be considered the center of tourism in Singapore. Other popular tourist attractions include the Singapore Zoo and its Night Safari, which allows people to explore Asian, African and American habitats at night without any visible barriers between guests and the wild animals. The Singapore Zoo has embraced the 'open zoo' concept whereby animals are kept in enclosures, separated from visitors by hidden dry or wet moats, instead of caging the animals. Jurong Bird Park is another zoological garden centered around birds, which is dedicated towards exposing the public to as much species and varieties of birds from around the world as possible, including a flock of one thousand flamingos. The tourist island of Sentosa, which attracts more than 5 million visitors a year, is located in the south of Singapore, consists of about 20-30 landmarks, such as Fort Siloso, which was built as a fortress to defend against the Japanese during World War II. Guns from the World War II era can be seen at Fort Siloso, from a mini-sized to a 16 pound (7 kg) gun. Recently, the island has built the Tiger Sky Tower, which allows visitors to view the whole of Sentosa, as well as the Sentosa Luge, a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleighs supine and feet-first. Steering is done by shifting the weight or pulling straps attached to the sled's runners. Singapore will have two integrated resorts with casinos in 2010, one at Marina Bay and the other at Sentosa which the government announced during a parliament session on April 18, 2005.3
In 2006, the number of tourists visiting Singapore reached a record number of 9.7 million as compared to 8.9 million in 2005, beating expectations. Visitors spent an estimated S$12.4 billion compared to 10.8 billion in Year 2005, resulting in a 14% increase last year compared to the 2005. Visitors stayed for an average of 4.2 days in 2006, and Indonesia was the main source of tourists with more than 1.8 million visitors in 2006, followed by China with 1.0 million. Malaysians also made up 996,000 of the visitors. For hotels, the average occupancy rate between for the whole year was 86% compared to 84% in 2005, resulting in a 1.4% growth. Room rates broke 10 year records to reach a high of S$164 last year as compared to $137 in 2005, resulting in a 19.6% growth last year as compared to 2005. In 2006, total room revenue, visitor day and revenue per available room was $1.5 billion, $32.9 million and $140 respectively. All three sectors had achieved substantial growth as compared to Year 2005. In 2007, the state achieved 10.3 million visitor arrivals. By 2015 the ambitious Tourism 2015 blueprint aims to increase visitors arrivals to 17 million and raise tourism receipts to S$30 billion4.
Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Development Theory5
Sustainable tourism is one approach to development of the tourism industry designed to provide a context that can guide choices, bring together stakeholders so they act in the common interest and help decision-makers see more clearly how to balance the positive and negative impacts at present and in the future. When decided to develop the tourism industry, there are many different forms of tourism that vary according to the location, the interests of the tourists and the tourism resources that are available. However, there are certain positive impacts of tourism that are expected to contribute to development. For example, economy support of a community, new employment is created, community stability can be maintained, amenities in the area are enhanced and the community can build a sense of pride and local identity. At the same time, planners and stakeholders have to take into account possible negative impacts from tourism.
One definition of sustainable tourism states that it is tourism developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) based on the main principles include the following:
1.Residents must maintain control over tourism development and planning requires broad-based community input.
2.Quality employment must be provided for the community along with education and training program.
3.Distribution of the benefits must be broad-based and cooperation among local stakeholders is essential.
4.Intergenerational equity must be provided and tourism businesses and other tourism agencies must adopt long-term planning horizons.
5.Tourism strategies and plans must be linked to broader initiatives reflected in economic development plans of the community, region or nation and move away from the traditional growth-oriented model.
6.Harmony is required between the needs of the visitor, the place and the community in order to promote appropriate uses and activities.
7.The scale and type of tourism facilities must reflect limits of acceptable use, and this means guidelines are needed for tourism operations and impact assessments must be required.
8.The community heritage and natural resources must be maintained and enhanced using internationally acceptable criteria and standards.
9.Marketing for sustainable tourism must provide for a high quality tourist experience.
Moreover, the practice of sustainable tourism development is based on management of capacities and sites, namely carrying capacity that will measure the level of use that is sustainable. However in the management of tourism, carrying capacity approach becomes more important to be implemented by focusing a number of issues to be addressed. Say that every environment serves multiple purposes and sensitivity to different use levels depends on the values of all users in terms of any different types of use has different impacts. Carrying capacity can be useful because it draws attention to limits and thresholds beyond which a site should not be developed. There are a number of ways to measure carrying capacity, including tangible resource limits, tolerance by the host population, visitor satisfaction, rates of growth, and other quantifiable indicators. One important aspect on carrying capacity that should be concerned is site management. This management involves managing visitors, educating visitors and having a visitor use plan. There are a variety of means that can be used to manage visitors by controlling or restricting access. Visitors can be educated through interpretation of local cultural values, by providing cultural guidelines, having discussions and briefings on arrival about appropriate behavior and by using advertising and promotion campaigns. A visitor use plan can be prepared to indicate and control the physical access to sites.
While there are a set of principles and practices to help guide sustainable
tourism development, stakeholders still face a number of challenges are
as follows:
1.Getting the public sector, including governments at all levels,
2.To get involve actively in the process of conserving and developing cultural heritage sites;
3.Obtaining the funds needed to develop products and getting the government to serve as a joint venture partner where appropriate;
4.Ensuring that tourism strategies and plans are integrated and linked to broader development plans, especially at the community level; encouraging local businesses, tourism operators and other stakeholders to cooperate;
5.Requiring impact assessments, including monitoring and indicators, where tourism development involves heritage resources and communities;
6.Making interpretation an essential part of the development process;
7.Finding creative financing appropriate to developing countries and areas of Asia and the Pacific where financial resources might be limited.
The most important challenge for sustainable tourism development concerns the perspective and expectations that all stakeholders, particularly government policy-makers, have about tourism’s contribution at the local, regional and national levels. Indonesian government view tourism as a vehicle for economic development, given its potential to earn foreign exchange, create employment, reduce income and employment disparities, strengthen linkages among economic sectors and help to alleviate poverty. In order to sustain tourism, it is necessary for government to address various issues arising from tourism’s contribution to development in a comprehensive, systematic way. Issues of policy-making, planning, management and the participation of the private sector and other stakeholders must be addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible constraints that need to be overcome by concerted efforts. The challenge facing by government as policy-makers is to have a broader perspective and better understanding that there can be both positive and negative effects from tourism development. Moreover, a broader perspective challenges all stakeholders involved with tourism from the community level to the national level to find the means to work together in more proactive ways that will increase the positive effects and minimize the possible negative effects of tourism development. Some creations that we can get from sustainable tourism development are as follows:
1.Sustainable tourism development provides the opportunity to take proactive approaches based on broad participation by stakeholders, which would contribute to more effective policies and plans. This would increase the opportunities to realize the full social and economic potential of the tourism industry.
2.Sustainable tourism development creates the opportunity for governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector to aim at ensuring long-term prosperity and quality of life for future generations.
3.Sustainable tourism development also creates opportunities to preserve natural and cultural heritages for tourists and local people in ways that address development problems and reduce risks to the environment and ways of life.
The government realize the aspect on how important to make proper use of local resources, how to develop human resources for community-based tourism and management of cultural and heritage sites and where to find the financial resources to support environmental protection and promote community-based tourism in more remote areas that are less developed. Another aspect relates to what Indonesia need in order develop tourism that would be economically viable, socio-culturally acceptable and environmentally sustainable. This involves process of enhancing national capabilities to take actions to tourism that would bring benefits to wide segments of society, and finding ways to ensure that benefits should be shared equitably among various stakeholders.
Since last view years, government facilitates broad participation of all relevant stakeholders from the national to the community level in the process of tourism development planning and implementation. This is a major program for addressing many issues related to sustainable tourism development. Integrate tourism planning through a new tourism master plan that incorporate principles of environmental management, becomes first priority of Indonesian government to enhance participation capabilities at local levels and community-based tourism of all stakeholders in order to arrive at efficient and effective solutions, plans and projects that are sustainable.
In Indonesian where authority is being decentralized and greater public participation is being encouraged, the government at national and regional level might also evaluate investment policies and regulations to encourage a wide variety of arrangements that could enhance private sector participation in sustainable tourism development. This will involve careful decision-making and planning to balance accessibility with carrying capacity at all levels, especially in communities. Sustainable tourism development should also be responsive to rapid changes and new demands in the international tourist market.
Sustainable Tourism Development Analysis
Indonesia's Sustainable Tourism Development
In Indonesia, at a national, regional or at local levels, the concept of sustainability equipped with the three pillars has to be adopted and implemented in each existing development sector, including the tourism sector. However, it is far from easy to adopt and implement this new tourism concept. There are too many directly or indirectly related factors that the tourism as a multi-sector must also simultaneously adapt and adopt the sustainability concept, without an adequate both process, it will be hard for the tourism sector to be able implement the new paradigm. There are many terms and concepts of sustainable tourism from many experts, but the Borderland concept can probably be seen as one of sustainable development concept, which has been adopted, developed and become in an international parameter in any development of the tourism sector for the last two decades. Although the terms vary, the ideas and concepts behind them are basically similar. The Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism clearly stated that in order to reach sustainability, Travel and Tourism areas should base their activities on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Important guidelines stated in the Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism are as follows: Travel and tourism should assist people in leading healthy and productive lives in harmony with nature, should contribute to the conservation, protection, and restoration of the Earth’s ecosystem, should be based upon sustainable pattern of production and consumption. Nations should co-operate to promote an open economic system, in which international trade in Travel and Tourism services can take place on sustainable basis. Travel and tourism, peace, development, and environmental protection are independent. For Indonesia, the term sustainable tourism has recently earned to be implemented sectoral in any development activities. Various sustainability ideas of nature (natural and cultural) related tourism have tended to be blended into one term, namely Eco-tourism. On the other hand, sustainability that is intended for various comprehensive aspects and components of tourism has tended to be referred as sustainable tourism.
The target of the sustainable tourism development as identified in the master plan covers he aspects of increasing the number of tourists, improving the quality of the environment, empowering the local community, increasing the Original Regional Income, and developing throughout Indonesian regions. Increasing the number of tourists as the main target, for example, is in line with the high necessity to obtain economic benefit from tourism. This target also includes the efforts to increase the length of stay of each tourist group. The total number of tourists going to visit Indonesia in 2007
reaches 5.5 million tourists. These tourists come through the main gateways, such as Soekarno-Hatta airport, Ngurah Rai airport and Batam.
In terms of the length of stay, is intended to get increased to 6-9 days. This target implicates the need to provide transportation facilities and services from the some gateways to any tourism destination in Indonesia, and to the development strategies of tourism products and the provision of
tourism supporting facilities and services. In terms of Improvement Environment Quality, the following development goals are targeted by government is intended to be achieved through various management strategies on both natural and cultural environment such as: conservation and preservation of natural areas and features, which are important as tourism attraction, improvement of visual environment quality through landscape management, building design and allocation, conservation and preservation of traces having historic value, and ancient buildings having distinctive characteristics. Furthermore, controlled of possible pollution resulting from the development of tourism supporting facilities, prevention of land destruction as a result of the
development of tourism supporting facilities and services by utilizing them in accordance to the land/areas supports capacities, controlled of the land use to prevent a change of land functions, which may support the tourism development. Finally, Conservation and preservation of ‘karsts’
ecosystems. In terms of Empowering the local community, the target of local community empowerment can be achieved as soon as the local communities are ready to participate in tourism development processes by increasing the quality of the human resources who are or might be involved in tourism development; through formal or informal capacity-building amongst the community. It is then possible to create the Community Based Tourism Development (CBTD).
The strategy to Increase Original Regional Income can be increased through various types of taxes and retributions of the business related to tourism. This is parallel with the expected increase of the number of tourists visiting Indonesia. It can be assumed from this strategy that the more tourists come for a visit, the bigger the income obtained from various tourism retributions and taxes will be. Basically, the tourism development in Indonesia must be able to support the regional development in general in the way that the tourism development plan in any area can be integrated with various other development plans in other sectors. The fulfillment of the need of tourism supporting facilities and services such as electricity network, telephone network, and financial institutions must also become a supporting factor for the developing region either directly or indirectly. In addition the improvement of the transportation facilities and services from one tourism destination to other tourism destination should be directed to provide easy flow and distribution of people and commodities.
To develop sustainable tourism in Indonesia, the government has formed the development orientations as a guidelines which cover tourism spatial structures, tourism products, accommodation, quality improvement of the human resources and related institutions that are involved in tourism development, and environmental management in the context of tourism development. The development of amenities facilities aims at providing easiness to the tourists in fulfilling their specific needs of amenities when they visit Indonesia. Furthermore, this amenities development is directed to support the development of tourism service centers, which will in turn play a role in the regional development in general. The Strategic development for environment management involves two parts, namely physical and non-physical environment (social and cultural) of a tourism activity. The objective of the environment management is to optimize the benefit/positive impact and monitoring the impact of tourism development. In the context of physical environment, there are several tasks need to be done to support the tourism development such as implementing multi-function land use concepts, regulating and designing the building establishment along the corridors having beautiful panorama. In relation to the cultural tourism resources as one of the typical tourism characteristics in Indonesia, it is necessary to generate an ethic guideline for tourism.
The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and The Pacific High Level Intergovernmental Meeting on Sustainable Tourism Development, December 2005, which held in Bali, Indonesia has formulated some policy to ward the sustainable of tourism, are as follow6:
1.The government of Indonesia has formulated national competency standards and established a tourism certification institute. Within Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Indonesia has been working on a long-term project to establish common standards known as APEC Tourism Occupational Skill Standards. Indonesia has acted as the lead country to establish Association of Southeast Asian Nations Common Competency Standards for Tourism Professionals.
2.Indonesia has incorporated sociocultural and environmental management at the national and provincial levels into the National Tourism Master Plan 2003. The Plan provides an overall policy framework for sustainable tourism development and sets guidelines for priority areas, the types of products suitable to each area and control of investment. The Government has adopted the concept of balanced development of tourism through the Tri Hita Karana Tourism Awards Program.
3.Indonesia provides visa-free entry for nationals from 11 countries and visa on arrival for a 30- day stay to nationals from 36 countries. Action to liberalize border formalities, including immigration procedures, has been taken according to established international standards and norms. Cross-sectoral regulations and the administrative framework have been adjusted to better manage tourism flows through designated ports of entry and borders, especially with other ASEAN member countries.
4.Indonesia has strongly supported regional and subregional cooperation to promote tourism. Indonesia has hosted seminars and consultations organized by ESCAP and the World Tourism Organization.
Singapore's Sustainable Tourism Development
7Despite it's popularity as a tourist destination, Singapore exhibits a combination of characteristics that, so far, have kept it from succumbing to the negative effects of mass tourism. Tourism worldwide has experienced phenomenal growth. Lately, though, there have been concerns regarding the rapid growth of Singapore's tourism industry. As a small island city--state at the crossroads of trade and commerce, Singapore occupies only 641 square kilometers and has a population density of 5,186 residents per square kilometer, one of the highest in the world. Singapore averages 75 visitors a day per square kilometer of land, making it much more densely visited than other popular destinations such as the Caribbean Islands (58 daily visitors per square kilometer), Hong Kong (51), France (2), Italy (.8), and Spain (.4). Singapore's popularity with business and leisure travelers presents the potential to compound the problems of an already high population density, such as overcrowding, congestion, pollution, and crime.
One way to measure a population's pressure on local resources is to look at the country's "ecological footprint" relative to other countries and communities. According to Wackernagel and Rees, the ecological footprint of a nation is estimated by calculating how much land and water is required on a continuous basis to produce all the goods consumed and assimilate all the waste produced. By adding up the world's biologically productive lands, it is estimated that there are only 1.7 hectares per person available. Based on the 52 nations surveyed for the "Footprints of Nations" report by the Earth Council, Singapore has a per-capita ecological footprint of 7.2 hectares, compared to a world average of only 2.8. In other words, to sustain its current rate of consumption and waste production, Singapore needs 7.2 hectares of land per person. Yet with an available capacity of only 0.1 hectare per person, Singapore has an ecological deficit of 7.1, an ecological footprint 72 times larger than its avail able capacity.
Too much CO .Regarding air quality, the 1999 Living Planet Report from the Worldwide Fund for Nature ranked Singapore fourth out of 71 nations surveyed for carbon dioxide emissions. According to Butler, sustainable tourism is defined as, "tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment, in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well being of other activities and processes." To that we add the condition that tourism products must be integrated cooperatively into the economy, environment, and society of the host nation.
Butler also explains why tourism almost always becomes unsustainable. Using a life-cycle model he describes how, initially, a small number of adventurous tourists explore a natural attraction, leading to the involvement of local residents and subsequent development of the area as a tourist destination. The number of tourists thereafter grows, eventually consolidating and "maturing" into mass tourism. Unless the tourism products are rejuvenated, the result is stagnation and eventual decline through overuse beyond the destination's carrying capacity (including visitors' adverse impact on the environment). Butler stressed that without control and management, environmental degradation is inevitable once carrying capacity has been reached and then exceeded--making mass tourism unsustainable.
Mass tourism can generate large quantities of waste, a problem particularly compelling in developing countries where systems for sewage treatment and solid-waste disposal are not well developed. Large tourism developments also generate pollution, creating international problems regarding shared air and water sources. Typically they lead to the destruction of fauna and flora as well as the loss of biodiversity. For instance, many tourists flock to Australia's Great Barrier Reef each year, and through ignorance, poor judgment, or selfishness have killed some of the delicate coral there. Additionally, tourists have been known to unintentionally introduce into delicate ecosystems alien forms of plant life (for example, by transferring it from their shoes and clothing). As mass tourism adversely affects the environment, environmental degradation in turn adversely affects tourism demand, leading to its probable decline. Ironically, once the destination is snubbed by tourists, the best source of money to repair the tourists damage dries up as well.
At some point the negative effects of too many tourists cause the permanent residents to resent tourists altogether. Doxey predicts residents' changes in perceptions, attitudes, and responses toward visitors by indexing the progression of feelings from euphoria, enthusiasm, and hope to impersonal apathy and irritation. Negative feelings result from tourists' encroachment, and eventually evolve into overt antagonism when the environment and community life have been damaged beyond repair. As has happened, the transformation from residents' welcoming visitors to despising them can be speeded along when the tourists introduce disease agents or other medical issues that otherwise could have been avoided.
The demonstration effect describes the social changes that take place when residents interact with tourists. Affluent tourists usually exert a strong influence on local residents' speech, behavior, attitude, attire, values, and thinking. Demonstration effects are seen as corruptors of local values in places such as Egypt and Israel, where tourists commonly break social norms by drinking alcohol in public places and dressing skimpily in places of worship. At Kuta Beach, in Bali, the residents have taken to being "Kuta cowboys" as a result of the Australian influence. Even more insidious, in destinations such as Thailand and the Philippines, mass tourism has resulted in increased prostitution, sexually transmitted disease (including AIDS), and drug abuse.
Acculturation takes place when two or more cultures come into contact for a sustained period and ideas are exchanged. In the case of relatively undeveloped countries, however, the local cultures and customs tend to be overwhelmed by more-developed cultures, especially Western influences. Moreover, some attraction operators will actually modify local standards to suit tourists' expectations. An example of acculturation is the commoditization of heritage, where the residents try to convince tourists that corrupted and shortened cultural presentations are, indeed, authentic. According to Greenwood, in some cases culture is being packaged and sold like fast food. For example, the authentic Balinese dance has been shortened for tourist events, and the dancers' costumes have been made more colorful and attractive than tradition dictates. Thus, tourists end up paying to see what they expect to see, not what they ought to see.
In general, mass tourism has overall negative effects on local economies. Economically sustainable tourism entails retaining a substantial portion of visitors' spending within the local economy. According to the World Bank, however, as much as 55 percent of the developing world's tourism revenues leak back to the developed countries in the form of imports. Thus, when a tourist orders a Singapore Sling at the world-famous Raffles Hotel, the Cherry Heering is imported from Denmark, the Bee feater Gin comes from England, and the fruit juices are brought in from neighboring Malaysia. Also, due to tourism- related increases in resource demand, land, property, produce, and services are priced out of the reach of many local residents.
As an alternative to destructive mass tourism, two common forms of sustainable tourism exist, namely, heritage tourism and Eco tourism.
Heritage tourism. Heritage tourism entails individuals traveling to learn and to enjoy the unadulterated cultural artifacts (i.e., heritage) of the destination, for example, a trip to Angkor Wat, in Cambodia, or Borobudur, in Indonesia, to appreciate ancient civilizations. The cultural and environmental resources are carefully preserved, and historical artifacts are left in their original sites and natural state for authenticity, instead of being dug up and placed in museums-as has occurred with some of the Terra Cotta sites in China. Just as important, heritage tourists consume locally produced goods and services, for example, by visiting markets primarily meant for the residents (Chiang Mai, in Thailand, comes to mind).
Eco tourism. Eco tourism is defined as sustainable nature-based tourism with purposeful travel to natural areas to appreciate the environment, taking care not to alter the ecosystem and leaving only footprints, and producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to the locals. This usually involves environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed locales to appreciate nature consistent with conservation, and with mutually beneficial, low-impact, socio-economic involvement with the residents. An example of Eco tourism is Costa Rica's Rafa Avis nature- based project, which strives to preserve the threatened rain forest while educating visitors and getting Costa Ricans involved in the nations travel economy.
The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and The Pacific High Level Intergovernmental Meeting on Sustainable Tourism Development, December 2005, which held in Bali, Singapore has formulated some policy to ward the sustainable of tourism, are as follow8:
1.Singapore has a National Skills Recognition System to establish work performance standards, identify competency and certify skills in several tourism sectors. In 2003, a competency framework was developed to build an integrated continuing education system to facilitate adult learning, improve access to improved skills and provide clear career pathways. In January 2005, Singapore announced “Tourism 2015” as the future vision.
2.In Singapore, the National Environment Agency was formed under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources in July 2002. Its primary responsibility has been the implementation of environmental policies on a nationwide basis, which would include the tourism industry.
3.In January 2005, the Government of Singapore announced “Tourism 2015”, a vision to transform the country into the leading convention and exhibition city in Asia, provide visitors with the “Uniquely Singapore” experience and become the service center of Asia. The Cabinet approved S$ 2 billion for a Tourism Development Fund in November 2004 to develop world-class tourism infrastructure and products with a variety of incentives for private sector investment. Significant investment in infrastructure over the past few years has helped to increase air services connecting Singapore to the region as the key regional hub based on air travel. In aviation, Singapore has supported low-cost carriers owing to their positive impact on liberalizing aviation connectivity and increasing market accessibility.
4.Singapore has joined Visa-free ASEAN, which makes travel to other ASEAN member countries easier and promotes regional tourism. Singapore has established a “Visa-for-Visa” program to facilitate visa applications for nationals from China who qualify according to specific criteria. A special Visa Free Transit Facility for nationals from India and China has helped to promote Singapore’s air hub status and global connectivity. A wide range of visa options have been designed to promote Singapore as a transit and tourism destination.
5.Singapore has developed government-to-government relations that promote tourism development. It has participated in regional and international tourism meetings to explore opportunities for regional and subregional cooperation in tourism.